Glucose 6-phosphate (also known as Robison ester) is glucose sugar phosphorylated on carbon 6. Very common in cells Start of two major pathways: Glycolysis and Pentose phosphate pathway Can be converted into glycogen or starch for storage D-Glucose 6-phosphate is the core…

Spectinomycin sulfate is an antibiotic which binds to the 30S subunit to cause misreading. Spectinomycin sulfate is a broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis (elongation) by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and interfering with peptidyl tRNA translocation.

The molecule is a dialdehyde, consisting of two formyl (CHO) groups attached to adjacent carbon centres on a benzene ring. o-Phthalaldehyde is used for precolumn derivatization of amino acids for HPLC separation and for flow cytometric measurements of protein thiol groups. Used for fluorometric…

Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid component, usually present on the cytosolic side of cell membranes by an enzyme called flippase. When a cell undergoes apoptosis, phosphatidylserine is no longer restricted to the cytosolic part of the membrane, but becomes exposed on the surface of the cell. …

Putrescine is a biogenic polyamine and precursor of spermidine. It is formed via decarboxylation of ornithine or by decarboxylation of arginine followed by hydrolysis. Binds to the polyamine modulatory site of the NMDA receptor and potentiates NMDA-induced currents; precursor of spermidine.

β-NADP is a coenzyme necessary for the alcoholic fermentation of glucose and the oxidative dehydrogenation of other substances. It occurs widely in living tissue, especially in the liver. Nicotinic acid can be converted to nicotinamide in the body and, in this form, is found as a component of…

n-Octyl-β-D-Glucopyranoside is a non-ionic detergent for membrane protein. n-Octyl-glucoside is a non-ionic alkyl-glucoside detergent commonly used in the solubilization of membrane proteins and phospholipids. n-Octyl-glucoside has been used at a molar dependant ratios for the…

Ascorbic Acid, also known as Vitamin C, is a six-carbon lactone produced by plants and some animal species but not by humans and other primates. Protects cells against the damaging effects of radiation and oxygen radicals Increases the rate of mineralization in osteoblasts Involved in…

Sorbose is a ketose belonging to the group of sugars known as monosaccharides. It has a sweetness that is equivalent to sucrose. The commercial production of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) often begins with sorbose. L-Sorbose is used as a starting reagent for the commercial biosynthesis of ascorbic…

Staurosporin is an antibiotic which is isolated from Streptomyces species, possesses inhibitory activity against fungi and yeasts. It is potent inhibitor of phospolipid/Ca2+ dependent and cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases, a potent protein kinase inhibitor useful as a tool for studies on…

Adenosine 5′-diphosphate is a P2Y receptor agonist. Adenosine 5′-diphosphate has been used to study the release, neuronal effects and removal of extracellular β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD+) in the rat brain. Adenosine 5′-diphosphate has also been used to…

Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) is the most commonly available borohydride, synthesized by reacting methylborate with sodium hydride in mineral oil. It is employed as a precursor for producing other metal borohydrides. Various approaches for qualitative and quantitative monitoring of sodium…

β-NAD is one of the biologically active forms of nicotinic acid. Occurs in living cells, primarily in the oxidized state Coenzyme for dehydrogenases NAD usually acts as a hydrogen acceptor, forming NADH Major electron acceptor molecule in biological oxidations. Acts as a…

β-NADH, a pyridine nucleotide and biologically active form of nicotinic acid, is a coenzyme necessary for the catalytic reaction of certain enzymes. β-NAD+ is a carrier for hydride ion, forming β-NADH. The hydride ion is enzymatically removed from a substrate molecule by the action…

Putrescine is a GABA precursor in many biological systems and synthon for amido-ureas.

Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction has been used to detect lipid oxidation. When lipids are oxidized, malonaldehyde is formed. TBA reacts with malonaldehyde in hot acid to form a red complex of malonaldehyde:TBA (1:2). Used to quantitate lipopolysaccharides, carrageenan, and sialic acids; used…

β-Mercaptoethylamine is a useful antioxidant .It is experimentally used as a radioprotective agent and It is also used to produce acute and chronic duodenal ulcers in rats and as an antidote to acetaminophen. β-Mercaptoethylamine derived from cysteine degradation is the simplest stable…

Glutathione is the major low molecular weight thiol compound of the living plant or animal cell. It is a tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine (which is attached by normal peptide linkage to a glycine) and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain. It is…

Raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) are alpha-galactosyl derivatives of sucrose, and the most common are the trisaccharide raffinose. It composed of galactose, fructose, and glucose. Raffinose is hydrolysed to D-galactose and sucrose by D-galactosidase.

Diphenylcyclopropenone is a potent hapten. Its vibration frequency has been evaluated. Diphenylcyclopropenone was used in topical immunotherapy.

Lactulose is used as a test of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Lactulose is used in the treatment of chronic constipation. It is useful in treating the hyperammonemia caused by hepatic encephalopathy, because it helps "draw out" ammonia from the body. Lactulose is also a food…

Carnitine is a quaternary amine that occurs naturally in most mammalian tissue. It is present in relatively high concentrations in skeletal muscle and heart where it is involved in regulating energy metabolism. It shifts glucose metabolism from glycolysis to glycogen storage and enhances the…

1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride (metformin) is a strong base. It forms well defined salts and possessing excellent coordination capacity with transition metals, forming highly colored bidentate chelate complexes. Metformin (MET) exists in various forms: diprotonated (H2MET)2+ in strong acidic…

Actinomycin D is a polypeptide antibiotic first described by Waksman. It is bacteriostatic in nature, especially towards gram negative bacteria, and also has anti-tumor activity. Actinomycin D has a wide-ranging applications ranging from a selection agent in cell culture, use in studies of…

Rapamycin is a member of the macrolide immunosuppressant family and a FRAP inhibitor. Rapamycin is unique in its ability to inhibit lymphokine induced cell proliferation at the G1 and S phase as well as an irreversible cellular arrest at the G1 phase in S. cerevisiae cells. It also exhibits…

Stem Cell Factor (SCF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity at the early stages of hematopoiesis. SCF stimulates the proliferation of myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow cultures and has been shown to act synergistically with colony stimulating factors.…

Bovine γ-globulin is a plasma protein fraction rich in antibodies. Bovine γ-globulin has been used as an immunological challenge in studies of mechanisms of immunotolerance. Bovine γ-globulins were used to study the constituents and pH changes in protein rich hyaluronan…

Lactic acid is fermentation acid from milk or carbohydrates. It occurs in the blood and muscle fluid of man and animals. The lactic acid concentration increases in muscle and blood after vigorous activity. It is also present in other organs including liver, kidney, and thymus gland, and other body…

Adenosine is a nucleotide resulting from the union of one molecule of sugar -- d-ribose -- with a base -- l-adenine. Active in cardiovascular disorders Indicated in cases of angina pectoris Increases coronary output Vasodilator action Induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60…

Guanosine-5'-triphosphate, a purine nucleotide, is required as a coenzyme for protein biosynthesis in a cell-free system. Substrate for RNA polymerases Substrate for wide range of GTPases GTP functions as a carrier of phosphates and pyrophosphates involved in channeling chemical…

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit protein synthesis. This is an antimicrobial substance produced by the growth of certain strains of Streptomyces erythreus. It is a mixture consisting largely of erythromycin A with lesser amounts of…

Cyclophosphamide monohydrate is an alkylating, antineoplastic agent, which is converted in the body to an active alkylating metabolite (4-hydroxycyclophosphamide). It possesses immunosuppressant properties. Cyclophosphamide monohydrate used for induction chemotherapy to study predictive and…