Saturated fatty acids are synthesized by both plants and animals from acetyl coenzyme A as a form of long-term energy storage. Palmitic acid is a common 16-carbon saturated fat that represents 10-20% of the normal human dietary fat intake, and approximately 25% of the total plasma fatty acids in…

A non-selective NSAID exhibiting IC50 values of 0.5 and 2.33 µM for human recombinant COX-1 and COX-2, respectively.

(S)-Naproxen is a non-selective COX inhibitor. The IC₅₀ values for human recombinant COX-1 and -2 are 0.6-4.8 µM and 2.0-28.4 µM, respectively.

Palmitic acid ethyl ester is a neutral, lipid-soluble form of the free acid. It is one of the fatty acid ethyl esters that increase cytosolic Ca2+ concentration leading to pancreatic acinar cell injury due to excessive consumption of ethanol.

The flavones and flavonoids are a widespread group of natural products with a variety of reported beneficial health effects. Flavonoids have been implicated as possible active agents in the dietary benefits of citrus fruits. Hesperetin is a citrus flavonoid that has been reported to lower plasma…

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen receptor agonist that was prescribed to pregnant women in the late 1930s. It was banned in 1971 because of possible links to increased risk of breast cancer in mothers along with congenital abnormalities and increased risk of cancer in offspring. DES…

Nitrotyrosine is formed by peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of protein tyrosine residues. Its presence on proteins can be used as a marker for peroxynitrite formation in vivo. Both free and protein-bound nitrotyrosine are commonly found in mammalian tissues and are increased in pathological…

TMPD is an easily oxidizable compound that serves as a reducing co-substrate for heme peroxidases. TMPD undergoes one-electron oxidation by the heme peroxidase higher oxidation states (compounds I and II) producing a highly colored product that absorbs at 611 nm. Thus, the stoichiometry of…

An NSAID thought to exert its actions by a prostanoid-independent mechanism; inhibits fMLP- and A23187-induced Ca2+ influx in human neutrophils with an IC₅₀ value of approximately 20 µM.

1-Benzylimidazole is a selective inhibitor of thromboxane synthase. It reduces TXB2 levels and increases blood flow in ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat brain.

Ketorolac is a non-selective COX inhibitor. The IC₅₀ values for human recombinant COX-1 and -2 are 31.5 µM and 60.5 µM, respectively.

Nimesulide is a selective inhibitor of COX-2. The IC₅₀ values are 70 and 1.27 µM for human recombinant COX-1 and -2 (at 20 µM arachidonic acid), respectively, and 22 and 0.03 µM for ovine COX-1 and -2 (at 100 µM arachidonic acid), respectively.

Diclofenac is a non-selective COX inhibitor. It inhibits human COX-1 and -2 with IC₅₀ values of 0.9-2.7 and 1.5-20 µM, respectively. Diclofenac inhibits ovine COX-1 and -2 with IC₅₀ values of 60 and 220 nM, respectively.

A non-selective COX inhibitor; inhibits human recombinant COX-1 and -2 with IC₅₀ values of 0.04 and 0.51 µM, respectively.