Cathepsin K is a lysosomal cysteine protease found in osteoclasts whose elevated activity has been linked to the formation of osteoporosis and arthritis. 2-cyano-Pyrimidine is a cathepsin K inhibitor whose basic structure and derivatives are being studied for the treatment of osteoporosis.…

A synthetic cytokinin used as a media supplement to regulate growth in woody plant tissue cultures and micropropagations; concentrations below 1 µM promote axillary proliferation, whereas concentrations above 1 µM can stimulate the formation of callus, adventitious shoots, or somatic embryos.

An analog of β-D-glucose in which sulfur replaces the hydroxyl group at the one position, allowing diverse chemical reactions, including click chemistry and polymerization; can be labeled with technetium-99m for analytical and diagnostic procedures.

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator; an ER antagonist in breast tissue, effective in treating early breast cancer; an ER agonist in bone and blood vessels and a partial ER agonist in uterine tissues.

A synthetic intermediate used in glycosylation reactions.

A β-lactam antibiotic in the cephalosporin class.

A natural phytochemical with anti-inflammatory effects; inhibits the growth of leukemia cells (IC₅₀ = 1.5 μg/ml), inducing apoptosis; at 15 μM, suppresses STAT3-regulated gene expression and prevents angiogenesis.

A class III antiarrhythmic agent; inhibits KCNH2 with an IC₅₀ value of 1 µM; also inhibits CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro at low micromolar concentrations.

A coumarin antibiotic that inhibits the ATPase activity of DNA gyrase, permitting relaxation of negative supercoils; also generates positively supercoiled DNA.

An imidazoquinoline compound that activates TLR7 (EC₅₀ = 2.1 µM) on immune cells, inducing the production of IFN-α, IL-12, and other mediators; up-regulates the OGF receptor on cancer cells, blocking cell proliferation (IC₅₀ = 2 µM).

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that displays broad spectrum antibacterial activity by inhibiting the bacterial regulatory enzyme DNA gyrase (IC₅₀ = 0.92 µg/ml) as well as topoisomerase IV (IC₅₀ = 1.62 µg/ml).

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator used as adjuvant therapy for estrogen-dependent breast cancer; increases ER activity in bone, uterus, and the cardiovasculature system as it decreases ER activity in breast tissues; metabolized by CYP450 enzymes to active metabolites; alters cholesterol…

A major metabolite of glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice that exhibits anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties; at 100 mg/kg/day, reduces lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant activity in diabetic rats; suppresses LPS-induced TNF-α production and…

A natural alkaloid with antiviral properties, inhibiting the replication of hepatitis B alone and in combination with lamivudine; prevents fibrosis in a number of organs including liver, at least in part by interfering with TGF-β signaling.

An indoleamine neurohormone whose levels vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions in animals, plants, and microbes; acts as a powerful antioxidant that protects lipids, proteins, and DNA against oxidative damage.

6-Bromoisoquinoline is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A glucosamine-nitrosourea which is commonly used to induce experimental diabetes in animals; specifically targets beta cells, entering via the glucose transporter GLUT2 and causing alkylation of DNA, leading to the destruction of beta cells.

A plant growth regulator involved in the signaling mechanisms for a variety of conditions including plant defense, wound healing, tuberization, fruit ripening, and senescence.

A bacteriocin, a natural polycyclic antibacterial peptide, also called a lantibiotic; particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria and commonly used as a food preservative.

A complex of acetaminobenzoic acid, dimethylaminoisopropanol, and inosine in a 3:3:1 ratio; has a number of immunomodulatory effects, including inducing T-lymphocyte differentiation, augmenting macrophage and NK cell functions, and stimulating IL-2 production; shows antiviral activity.

A third generation fluoroquinolone with antibacterial activity; inhibits type II topoisomerases (IC₅₀s = 8.06 and 9.81 µg/ml for DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, respectively).

3-Pyrimidin-2-yl-Propionic Acid is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A steroid hormone produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands that binds to both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors; also is the precursor to aldosterone synthesis.

An agonist of α2 adrenergic receptors (Ki = 194 nM); used for sedation, anesthesia, and analgesia in non-human mammals.

A dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel blocker that selectively inhibits calcium influx in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle; inhibits calcium-induced contractions in depolarized rat aorta (IC₅₀ = 1.9 nM), displaying a slow rate of association and dissociation in isolated vascular and…

A low molecular weight nonionic detergent that is commonly used for cell lysis and non-denaturing protein solubilization.

An atypical antidepressant with diverse actions, most notably on the glutamatergic system; attenuates glutamate release and modulates the function of AMPAR; acts as an agonist of the µ-opioid receptor (EC₅₀s = 194 and 641 nM for human and mouse receptors, respectively).

A biguanide derivative used to lower blood glucose concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; 50-400 mg/kg body weight inhibits complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory-chain and induces AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling in B6-Lepob/ob mice.

An antibiotic which is used in molecular and cell biology to select for transformed cells expressing the hygromycin resistance gene; kills prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis.

An aminocyclitol antibiotic active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and interfering with peptidyl tRNA translocation.

A naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class that stimulates cell elongation and division, promoting plant growth and development.

A natural bacterial product used, in certain formulations, as an oral antibiotic for fungal infections of the skin; alters microtubule dynamics, resulting in metaphase arrest.