Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) family and is made by the placenta and cardiovascular tissues. GDF-15 regulates inflammatory and apoptotic pathways during cellular stress and injury. GDF-15 is emerging as a biomarker of early heart disease, such that increased levels of circulating GDF-15 are associated with an increased risk of developing heart failure.
Bioactivity Assay:NR6R-3T3 cell proliferation; ED50 =20 ng/mL; Bioactivity =5.0 x 10^4 units/mg