D-Biotin is a growth factor present in small amounts in every living cell. It is involved in naturally occurring carboxylation reactions. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides. It is more abundant in the liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast and milk. Biotin levels are higher in cancerous…

Protamine sulfate is a purified mixture of simple protein principles obtained from the sperm or testes of suitable species of fish, which has the property of neutralizing heparin. Because of having much basic amino acids (mostly arginine) protamine contains far greater nitrogen than other proteins.…

Cycloheximide is a glutarimide antibiotic derived from a microbial source. Cycloheximide is an antibiotic which is very active against many molds, yeasts, and phytopathogenic fungi. It exhibits somewhat lower activity against bacteria and certain fungi. Control of various molds and fungi in…

Kanamycin sulfate is an antimicrobial agent effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma. It binds to the 70S ribosomal subunit, inhibits translocation, and elicits miscoding. Cross-resistance occurs between kanamycin and neomycin, framycetin, and paromomycin, and…

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a central component of energy storage and metabolism in vivo. ATP is used in many cellular processes, respiration, biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. ATP is a substrate of many kinases involved in cell signaling and of adenylate cyclase(s)…

Uridine is a nucleoside, contains a uracil attached to a ribose ring (known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond. It is an organic compound of the pyrimidine family, that occurs as one of the four bases coding genetic information in the polynucleotide chain of RNA. Uridine can…

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic complex produced by fermentation of Micromonospora purpurea or M. echinospora. It is a mixture of 3 major components designated as C1, C1a, and C2. Gentamicin is used as the sulfate salt. Each component consists of five basic nitrogens and requires five…

Thymidine is a nucleoside composed of deoxyribose (a pentose sugar) joined to the pyrimidine base thymine. Deoxythymidine can be phosphorylated with one, two or three phosphoric acid groups, creating respectively dTMP, dTDP or dTTP (deoxythymidine mono- di- or triphosphate.) It exists in solid form…

3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide is used as a colorimetric metabolic activity indicator in cell viability assays. Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Blue (MTT) is a dye used in measurement of cell proliferation. MTT produces a yellowish solution that is converted to dark…

P2 purinergic agonist; increases activity of Ca2+-activated K+ channels; substrate for ATP-dependent enzyme systems. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and its phosphate bonds are the basic components of energy exchange in many biological systems.

Paromomycin Sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic which inhibits protein initiation. Paromomycin sulfate salt has been used as a reference compound in antileishmanial activity RNA-binding ligand and interacts with aptamer. This interaction prevents the binding (and cutting) of dicer…

Amino acid found in human plasma and thyroid gland, similar to thyroxine. T3 is a thyroid hormone that increases rates of proteins synthesis, stimulates the breakdown of cholesterol, and effects embryonic development. In cell culture, T3 regulates cell differentiation and protein expression.

Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar d-ribose. There are a variety of cytidine analogs with potentially useful pharmacology. Cytidine when intraperitoneal administered in combination with choline improves nerve regeneration and…