β-2-microglobulin (β2-M) is a polypeptide that associates with the heavy chain of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on the cell surface. The interaction is dynamic and plays a critical role in the stability of the MHC antigens and their ability to present peptide…

β-Galactosidase cleaves terminal galactose residues, which are β -1-->14 linked to a monosaccharide, glycopeptide, or oligosaccharide. The enzyme requires Mg2+ for optimal activity. β-Galactosidase is useful for the structural investigation of carbohydrate, the determination of…

Hemoglobin is the major component of red blood cells, and is responsible for their red color. Native hemoglobin from bovine erythrocytes. A major oxygen-transporting component of red blood cells Its normal concentration in erythrocytes is 34%. Hemoglobin is the most important respiratory protein of…

Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins of non-immune origin that agglutinate cells and/or precipitate complex carbohydrates. Lectins are capable of binding glycoproteins even in presence of various detergents. The agglutination activity of these highly specific carbohydrate-binding molecules is…

Trypsin is a porcine pancreas-derived enzyme that is commonly used for the dissociation and disaggregation of anchorage-dependent mammalian cells and tissues. The concentration of trypsin necessary to dislodge cells from their substrate is dependent primarily on the cell type and the age of the…

Protamine sulfate is a purified mixture of simple protein principles obtained from the sperm or testes of suitable species of fish, which has the property of neutralizing heparin. Because of having much basic amino acids (mostly arginine) protamine contains far greater nitrogen than other proteins.…

Pancreatin is a digestive enzyme produced by the pancreas and delivered to the small intestine for the hydrolysis of complex nutrients. Pancreatin contains enzymatic components including trypsin, amylase and lipase, ribonuclease, and protease, produced by the exocrine cells of the porcine pancreas.…

Gum Arabic can be branched polymer of galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, and glucuronic acid as the calcium, magnesium, and potassium salts. It is used in textiles, ceramics, lithography, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In the food industry, acacia is mainly used as confectionery, bakery, dairy,…

Beef extract is a water soluble powder that is used in general purpose media. It is recommended for use in bacteriological examination of water, milk, and other materials, where uniform composition of media is important and for biochemical studies, particularly fermentation reactions because of its…

Lecithin is a purified, wax-like phosphatidylcholine of soybean origin. In addition to being the major structural component of cellular membranes, phosphatidylcholine serves as a reservoir for several lipid messengers, it is the source of the bioactive lipids lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic…

Chitosan is a cationic marine polymer derived form the shells of crustaceans (e.g., crabs). MP's chitosan is a partially de-acetylated chitin formed by the reaction of chitin with concentrated alkali. Chitin is a high molecular weight linear polymer of anhydro-N-acetyl-glucosamine. Chitin…

Fetuin is a protein containing 12 Cys residues, all involved in disulfide bridges. The composition of bovine fetuin (weight %) is polypeptide 74%, hexose 8.3%, hexosamines 5.5%, and sialic acid 8.7%. Fetuin bovine is a protein with the ability to bind to the insulin receptor and inhibit insulin…

Bromelain is a cysteine endopeptidase with broad specificity for cleavage of proteins. Bromelain may be from a stem or piece of fruit. Glycoprotein which is a highly active thiol proteinase Non-specific cysteine protease Splits glycine esters but not lysine esters Protein digesting…

Fibronectin are adhesive glycoproteins and are found both as cell surface proteins and in plasma. They are large glycoproteins found in cells and extracellular fluids. They are involved in a wide range of biological activities including cell adhesion to extracellular matrices, blood coagulation and…

Protein A is a highly stable surface receptor which is capable of binding the Fc portion of immunoglobulins, especially IgGs, from a large number of species. Each protein A molecule can bind 2 molecules of IgG, allowing the formation of a precipitate. Protein A may be coupled to a wide variety…

Suitable for cell adhesion in tissue culture, as well as gel formation, platelet aggregation, and as a substrate for collagenase. Collagen is a group of naturally occurring proteins found in animals, especially in the flesh and connective tissues of vertebrates. It is the main component of…

Cholesterol oxidase (CHOD) catalyzes the first step in cholesterol catabolism. Cholesterol oxidase from Streptomyces has been used in a study to assess the relationship between the micellar structure of model bile and the activity of esterase. Cholesterol oxidase from Streptomyces has also been…

C1q, together with C1r and C1s, in the ratio of 1:2:2, form the C1 complex which is the first component of the classical complement pathway. C1q is composed of 18 polypeptide chains (six A, six B, six C) (MW 460 kDa). All contain an 81-aa collagen-like region composed of (Gly-Xaa-Yaa) repeating…

Lactulose is used as a test of small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Lactulose is used in the treatment of chronic constipation. It is useful in treating the hyperammonemia caused by hepatic encephalopathy, because it helps "draw out" ammonia from the body. Lactulose is also a food…

Angiotensin II is a peptide hormone which plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. It stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland. It has strong vasoconstrictive effects. Angiotensin II plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. It…

Protein S is a single chain vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein containing glycine and NaCl which is thought to function in both coagulation and complement cascades. It is produced in the liver and has been identified in plasma at a concentration of approximately 22 µg/mL. Homozygous deficiency…

Intrinsic factor is a glucoprotein extracted from the pylorus part of the gastric mucous membrane. Its presence is considered necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B-12. Intrinsic Factor is used in the treatment not only of classical pernicious anaemia, but also in the treatment of other…

Avidin is a basic glycoprotein consisting of four essentially identical subunits. The combined molecular weight of the subunits is about 66,000. Each subunit is a single polypeptide chain containing 128 amino acid residues with alanine at the N-terminal, glutamic acid at the C-terminal, and a…

Bovine γ-globulin is a plasma protein fraction rich in antibodies. Bovine γ-globulin has been used as an immunological challenge in studies of mechanisms of immunotolerance. Bovine γ-globulins were used to study the constituents and pH changes in protein rich hyaluronan…

Fibronectins are adhesive glycoproteins and are found both as cell surface proteins and in plasma. Human fibronectin (HFN) is suitable for use as an attachment factor in the propagation of cells in vitro when used to coat cell culture surfaces, including plasticware, glassware, and…

Arginine-rich subgroup. Commonly used for chromosome-reconstitution studies. Suitable substrate for protein kinase C.

Fibrinogen has been used in studies of haemostatic therapy in surgical and massive trauma patients. These studies have shown that fibrinogen may prove to be more superior in stopping blood loss when compared to using fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Fibrinogen is a blood protein that is involved in…

Collagen is Type I soluble, salt free component of skin, bone, tendon, and other fibrous connective tissues. Type I collagen differs from other collagens by their low lysine hydroxylation and low carbohydrate composition. Collagen breaks down metabolically in the body to release N-telopeptide,…

Coenzyme A is an essential cofactor in enzymatic acetyl transfer reactions. Coenzyme A facilitates removal of lipid peroxides by increasing mobilization of fatty acids, and promote repair of plasma membranes by activating phospholipid synthesis. The principal biologically active forms of…

Apoferritin is the Protein shell of ferritin. Calibration of gel filtration columns and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Acts as an anti-oxidant When added to cultured endothelial cells apoferritin is taken up in a dose-responsive manner and appears to…

Protein A is a recombinant Fc-binding protein from Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan strain-1 gene. The product is a carboxy truncated material containing 301 amino acid residues. The non-binding regions have been removed to minimize potenial steric interference. Protein A may be conjugated with…

Avidin is a basic glycoprotein isolated from raw egg white. It exhibits high binding affinity for biotin and is capable of producing biotin deficiency in rats and chicks. It also occurs in the white portion of eggs and the oviducts of birds and amphibia. It is destroyed by cooking or irradiation. …