Growth Factors / Cytokines

Cytokines for expansion and cell culture of mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are self renewing pluripotent cells often characterized by the expression of CD34. Studies have shown that decreased expression of CD34 tends to correlate with decreased self renewal properties and...

Interleukin 34 (IL-34) was originally identified in humans, by large scale screening of secreted proteins; orthologs have also been found in chimpanzee, murine, rat and chicken. Human IL-34 is synthesized as a 242 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 20 aa signal sequence and a 222 aa mature...

Monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP-3), also called CCL7, is produced by macrophages and tumor cell lines. MCP-3 signals through the G protein-coupled receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR3. MCP-3 chemoattracts monocytes and regulates macrophage function during inflammation and metastasis.

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes. IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells,...

Transforming growth factors (TGFs) are multifunctional peptides that regulate growth and differentiation in most cell types. The TGF-ß family of proteins signal through serine/threonine kinase receptors. TGF-ß isoforms (TGF-ß1, -ß2, and –ß3) have overlapping, yet distinct biological actions in...

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is an important regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and angiogenesis. PDGF synthesis is induced by IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a, TGF-ß, and EGF signaling. PDGF functions as a mitogenic growth hormone on cells of mesenchymal lineage, such as smooth muscle and glial...

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF-11), also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP-11), is a regulator of cell growth and differentiation during muscular and neural development. GDF-11 binds the transforming growth factor-beta receptors ALK4, ALK5, and ALK7 to activate SMAD signaling. In...

Cytokines for polarizing T cells into T regulatory cells. T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a subset of T cells that suppress immune function. They are characterized by the expression of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 and are known to produce immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-ß 1 and IL-10. Tregs can be cultured...

Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or CXCL8) is a member of the CXC cytokine family and is produced by macrophages, epithelial, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. IL-8 binds the G protein-coupled serpentine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. IL-8 recruits innate immune cells, induces phagocytosis, and stimulates...

Epstein-Barr virus induced gene 3 (EBI3) is a secreted glycoprotein belonging to the hematopoietin receptor family related to the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 (IL-12). EBI3 expression is induced in B-lymphocytes in response to Epstein-Barr virus infection. EBI3 forms heterodimers with p28 to form...

Interleukin 17AF (IL-17AF) is a heterodimer that is composed of the interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and interleukin 17F (IL-17F) members of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17AF is produced by T helper 17 cells (Th17) following interleukin 23 (IL-23) stimulation. IL-17AF signals through the...

Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family and is constitutively expressed in smooth muscle and airway epithelial cells. IL-33 signals through the interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL-1R1) and interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) receptors to ativate NF-?B and MAPK...

IL-3 is a species-specific cytokine and pleiotropic growth factor that promotes the survival, differentiation, and proliferation of committed progenitor cells of the megakaryocyte, granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid, eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell lineages. • Produced by T cells, mast cells, and...

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is an endocrine hormone that regulates energy homeostasis and exerts cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF-21 is expressed in the liver, pancreas, heart, and adipose tissues. FGF-21 signaling is activated through the FGFR1c receptor and ß-Klotho...

Nerve growth factor beta (ß-NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that is important for the development and maintenance of sensory and sympathetic neurons. ß-NGF signals through the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) and the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) to activate PI3K, Ras, and PLC...

Interleukin 7 (IL-7) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is an important regulator of B and T cell development. IL-7 is secreted by bone marrow and thymic stromal cells, dendritic cells, intestinal epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and keratinocytes. IL-7 signals through the interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R)...

Persephin is a neurotrophic factor of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family. Persephin promotes survival and growth of dopaminergic and motor neurons, but not peripheral neurons. Persephin is a ligand for the RET receptor tyrosine kinase.

Resistin-like molecule-gamma (RELM-?) is a member of the RELM family of secreted proteins containing C-terminal cysteines. The RELM family consists of Resistin (FIZZ3), RELM-a (FIZZ1), RELM-ß (FIZZ2), and RELM-? (FIZZ4). RELM-? is secreted by peripheral blood granulocytes, bone marrow, spleen,...

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-basic), also known as FGF-2, is expressed by endothelial cells and is a mediator of angiogenesis. FGF-basic also has cardioprotective functions during heart injury. FGF-basic is a critical component for embryonic stem cell culture systems and is necessary for...

Interleukin 36 gamma (IL-36 ?) is a member of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) cytokine family and protects against pathogens in the skin, lung, and stomach epithelial barriers. IL-36 ? binds the interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) and the orphan IL-1R-related protein 2 (IL-1Rrp2) receptors...

Interleukin 22 (IL-22), also called IL-TIF, is an IL-10 family member that is produced by activated dendritic cells and T lymphocytes. IL-22 signals via a heteroduplex receptor consisting of IL-22R and IL-10RB chains. IL-22 is a potent mediator of cellular inflammatory responses.

Monocyte chemotactic protein 2 (MCP-2), also known as CCL8, is a cytokine that is important during allergic and inflammatory responses. MCP-2 activates mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2B, and CCR5.

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that is expressed by T cells, macrophages, and muscle cells. IL-6 acts to stimulate an immune response upon infection or trauma. IL-6 has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions, is capable of promoting fever, and signals through the cell-surface type...

Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF-4) is a secreted growth factor that is predominantly expressed during bone morphogenesis and embryonic limb development. FGF-4 is an important growth regulator for stem cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. FGF-4 contains a single N-linked glycosylation signal....