E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase synoviolin (UniProt Q86TM6; also known as Synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1) is encoded by the SYVN1 (also known as HRD1, KIAA1810) gene (Gene ID 84447) in human. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase synoviolin is a multi-transmembrane ER membrane protein. Originally named Hrd1, synoviolin adopted the current name due to its upregulation in synovial fibroblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis as a result of exposure to inflammatory cytokines. Synoviolin plays a protective role against ER stress-induced apoptosis by mediating not only the degradation of ER misfolded proteins, but also the degradation of proapoptotic protein p53 as well as IRE1alpha (inositol-requiring enzyme 1alpha), a critical kinase regulating ER stress-induced cell death. Synoviolin is produced with a signal peptide (a.a. 1-22) sequence, the removal of which yields the mature 5-transmembrane (a.a. 42-62, 99-119, 141-161, 170-190, 225-245) protein, having its N-terminal end in the ER lumen (a.a. 23-41) and C-terminal end (a.a. 246-617) in the cytoplasm. Its C-terminal cytoplasmic end contains the p53/TP53-interacting region (a.a. 236-270), an atypical RING-type zinc finger domain (a.a. 291-330), and a proline-rich region (a.a. 339-478).
Synonyms: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase synoviolin, Synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1
Application: Western Blotting Analysis: A 1:200 dilution from a representative lot detected HRD1 in 10 µg of alphaT3-1 mouse pituitary gonadotroph cell lysate (Courtesy of Dr. Richard Wojcikiewicz, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY).Western Blotting Analysis: A representative lot detected HRD1 in the membrane, but not the cytosolic, fraction from RAT-1 rat fibroblasts (Pearce, M.M., et al. (2007). J. Biol. Chem. 282(28):20104-20115).Western Blotting Analysis: A representative lot detected HRD1 in RAT-1 and HeLa whole cell lysates (Pearce, M.M., et al. (2007). J. Biol. Chem. 282(28):20104-20115).Western Blotting Analysis: A representative lot detected HRD1 in SPFH2 immunoprecipitate from alphaT3-1 mouse pituitary gonadotroph cell lysate. The amount of co-immunoprecipitated HRD1 increased when using lysates from cells treated with proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Cat. No. 504314) to increase cellular accumulation of ubiquitinated SPFH2 (Pearce, M.M., et al. (2007). J. Biol. Chem. 282(28):20104-20115).
Other Notes: Concentration: Please refer to lot specific datasheet.