Citrinin is a fungal metabolite found in moldy rice. Citrinin was used to evaluate toxicity of the mycotoxin citrinin using yeast ORF DNA microarray and Oligo DNA microarray.

Protein A is a highly stable surface receptor which is capable of binding the Fc portion of immunoglobulins, especially IgGs, from a large number of species. Each protein A molecule can bind 2 molecules of IgG, allowing the formation of a precipitate. Protein A may be coupled to a wide variety…

α-Thrombin from Bovine Plasma is highly specific serine protease. Thrombin is the final coagulation protease in regard to hemostasis, promoting both procoagulant and anticoagulant effects. Thrombin is used for site specific cleavage of recombinant fusion proteins containing an accessible…

Staurosporin is an antibiotic which is isolated from Streptomyces species, possesses inhibitory activity against fungi and yeasts. It is potent inhibitor of phospolipid/Ca2+ dependent and cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases, a potent protein kinase inhibitor useful as a tool for studies on…

Fibronectin are adhesive glycoproteins and are found both as cell surface proteins and in plasma. They are large glycoproteins found in cells and extracellular fluids. They are involved in a wide range of biological activities including cell adhesion to extracellular matrices, blood coagulation and…

Acetyl-CoA is produced via beta-oxidation of fatty acids, via the metabolism of carbohydrates - glucose 6-phosphate to pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and via the catabolism of amino acids. Acetyl-CoA has a number of metabolic opportunities. It is metabolized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle to produce…

Prostaglandin E2 is one of the primary cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid and one of the most widely investigated prostaglandins. Its activity influences inflammation, fertility and parturition, gastric mucosal integrity, and immune modulation. The effects of PGE2 are transduced by at…

Natural tomato lycopene is a mixture of isomers, primarily (all-E), but also some (5-Z) and two lesser and unidentified cis isomers, all of which are difficult to resolve by LC. Lycopene is an open chain unsaturated carotenoid that gives tomatoes, guava, rose hip, watermelon and pink grapefruit its…

Crocetin is a natural carotenoid dicarboxylic acid that is found in the crocus flower and Gardenia jasminoides. Crocetin was found to inhibit cell cycle progression at the G2-M phase and pancreatic tumor formation in nude mice. It has been shown to improve postshock recovery of cellular…

Tunicamycin is a mixture of Tunicamycins A, B, C and D. It is a nucleoside antibiotic active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and viruses. Tunicamycin has been used to study the effect of N-linked glycosylation of human proton-coupled folate transporter (HsPCFT) in HeLa…

Thapsigargin is a cell-permeable sesquiterpene lactone found in the roots of Thapsia garganica. It is a tumor promotor and induces the release of intracellular stored Ca2+ without hydrolysis of inositolphospholipids via inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Thapsigargin may be used…

Angiotensin II is a peptide hormone which plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. It stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland. It has strong vasoconstrictive effects. Angiotensin II plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. It…

An antineoplastic of Rhodomycin group; Antibiotic; Inhibitor of enzymes and metabolic pathways. A potent anticancer agent that has been shown to be a strong inhibitor of DNA and RNA synthesis. Daunorubicin hydrochloride is used in photostability , antileukemic, and drug metabolism studies. …

Caerulein is a gastroregulatory molecule with actions similar to cholecystokinin. Product supplied as a trifluoroacetate salt. Caerulein is used to study cell signaling mediated by NF-kappaB upregulation of proteins such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) and inflammation related…

Actinomycin D is a polypeptide antibiotic first described by Waksman. It is bacteriostatic in nature, especially towards gram negative bacteria, and also has anti-tumor activity. Actinomycin D has a wide-ranging applications ranging from a selection agent in cell culture, use in studies of…

Rapamycin is a member of the macrolide immunosuppressant family and a FRAP inhibitor. Rapamycin is unique in its ability to inhibit lymphokine induced cell proliferation at the G1 and S phase as well as an irreversible cellular arrest at the G1 phase in S. cerevisiae cells. It also exhibits…

A modified tripeptide reversible protease inhibitor of trypsin-like proteases and some cysteine proteases including endoproteinase Lys-C, kallikrein, papain, thrombin, cathepsin B, cathepsins H and L, trypsin, calpain, trypsin and plasmin. Little to no inhibition is seen against pepsin, cathepsins…

Avidin is a basic glycoprotein consisting of four essentially identical subunits. The combined molecular weight of the subunits is about 66,000. Each subunit is a single polypeptide chain containing 128 amino acid residues with alanine at the N-terminal, glutamic acid at the C-terminal, and a…

Fibronectins are adhesive glycoproteins and are found both as cell surface proteins and in plasma. Human fibronectin (HFN) is suitable for use as an attachment factor in the propagation of cells in vitro when used to coat cell culture surfaces, including plasticware, glassware, and…

Muscimol is a structural analog of γ-amino butyric acid. It functions as a GABA-agonist: a positive analog of the natural transmitter, which can activate GABA receptors in the brain. Muscimol is an isoxazole derivative occurring naturally in the mushroom Amanita muscaria. Muscimol has been…

Acetoacetyl coenzyme A (Acetoacetyl-CoA) may be used as a substrate for a number of enzymes including; acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (EC 2.3.1) which produces acetyl-CoA in reverse condensation reaction and (3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (CoA) synthase (HMGCS)) which produces…

Methotrexate is a cell cycle arresting agent with varying effects. Methotrexate has been reported to arrest the cell cycle in late G1/S thus leading to the inhibition of the synthesis of DNA, RNA, thymidylates, and proteins. The main mechanism of action is reported to involve the inhibition of…

Protein A is a recombinant Fc-binding protein from Staphylococcus aureus, Cowan strain-1 gene. The product is a carboxy truncated material containing 301 amino acid residues. The non-binding regions have been removed to minimize potenial steric interference. Protein A may be conjugated with…

Isodesmosine is prepared according to the method of Starcher, et al. from hdrolyzed bovine neck ligament by solvent extraction and chromatography on Dowex 50.

Cell permeable fungal toxin that disrupts contractile microfilaments by inhibiting actin polymerization. This, in turn, induces DNA fragmentation, inhibits cell division, and disrupts many cell processes. Inhibits glucose transport. One of a group of fungal metabolites that interfere with a wide…

Demecolcine, also known as colcemid, is a drug used in chemotherapy. It is closely related to the natural alkaloid colchicine with the replacement of the acetyl group on the amino moiety with methyl, but it is less toxic. Demecolcine is an antineoplastic agent used to immobilize chromosomes by…

Paclitaxel has been used as a component of the dechorionation buffer for Gryllus bimaculatus eggs. Paclitaxel has also been used for studying its effect on the movement of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) differentiated NB4 cells. Antitumor and antileukemic agent which lowers the critical…

Forskolin is the major diterpene isolated from the Indian plant Coleus forskohlii. At low doses, forskolin is a positive inotropic agent in dogs, cats, spontaneously hypertensive and normal rats and in an isolated guinea pig heart (Langendorf) preparation. At higher doses, forskolin is a…

Oligomycin is a natural antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes, which is a mixture of oligomycins A, B, and C. Oligomycin is used as antibiotic which inhibits respiration in mitochondria. It inhibits ATP synthase by blocking its proton channel (F0 subunit), which is necessary…

Desmosine is a tetrafunctional, pyridinium ring-containing amino acids involved in elastin cross-linking. A desmosine cross-link is formed from three allysyl side chains plus one unaltered lysyl side chain from the same or neighbouring polypeptides. Desmosine is responsible for the cross-linking…