A cell-permeable mycotoxin which binds to the barbed end of actin, reversibly inhibiting the elongation and shortening of actin filaments; blocks diverse cellular functions, including cell division, migration, phagocytosis, exocytosis, chemotaxis, and glucose transport.

A cell-permeable inhibitor that binds actin filaments, but not actin monomers, to inhibit polymerization at concentrations as low as 0.2 µM.

Inhibits actin polymerization; uniquely inhibits HIV-1 protease (IC50 = 3 μM); rapidly and reversibly inhibits glucose transport by competitively binding glucose transporters (Ki = 4.0 μM); induces the phosphorylation of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP3 of Dictyostelium, activating STATc.

A full GABAA agonist and partial GABAC agonist; binds GABAA on both high- and low-affinity sites (Kd = 10 and 270 nM, respectively), stimulating chloride efflux with an EC50 of 200 nM; activates GABAC receptors with an EC50 of 1.3 μM; impairs memory formation and retrieval; attenuates airway constriction.

A natural sesquiterpene alkaloid that inhibits AChE in rat cortex in vitro (IC₅₀ = 82 nM) and displays oral AChE inhibitory activity in animals.