Transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-ß2) is a secreted protein which belongs to the TGF-beta family. It is known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development. The precursor is cleaved into mature TGF-beta-2 and LAP, which remains…

Bevacizumab (Avastin) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the trea™ent of patients with colon cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, renal-cell carcinoma, and age-related macular degeneration. As angiogenesis inhibitor, Bevacizumab…

The platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor (PTAFR) is a G protein coupled receptor that signals through multiple pathways and mediates several cellular responses including cell motility, smooth muscle contraction, and releases of cytokine and leukotriene (Stafforini et al., 2003). In humans,…

Protein A affinity chromatography resin is the most commonly applied method for the isolation and purification of IgG. Protein A is a cell wall component found in several strains of Staphylococcus aureus . It has five high affinity binding sites capable of binding specifically to the Fc region of…

The human IL-13 cDNA encodes a 132 amino acid protein containing a proposed 20 amino acid signal peptide. Human IL-13 shares approximately 30% amino acid sequence homology to human IL-4 and the two cytokines exhibit overlapping biological activities. Human IL-13 is produced by activated Th0,…

TRAIL/Apo2L, also known as Tumor Necrosis Factor Super-Family 10 (TNFSF10), is a pleiotropic cytokine thatbelongs to the TNF superfamily. The full length TRAIL expressed in vivo is a Type II transmembrane protein, although the soluble form also exists and functions. TRAIL has four major…

Interleukin-18 (IL18, also known as interferon-gamma inducing factor or IGIF) is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 superfamily and is produced by macrophages and other cells. Its biological activity is pleiotropic and it has been shown to induce interferon-gamma production in KG-1 cells. The…

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3) belongs to the CXC chemokine receptor family. Similar to other chemokine receptors, it is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). CXCR3 has two distinct splice variants, CXCR3A and CXCR3B, demonstrating different binding affinities. CXCR3-A binds to the CXC…

Phosphotyrosine is a tyrosine residue covalently bound to a phosphate via its hydroxyl group. A tyrosine kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from ATP to a tyrosine residue on the protein substrate. Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a key role in intracellular signaling and cancer development.…

M1 was expressed in the CNS such as cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic areas, vestibular system and esophageal smooth muscle. Synaptic transmission by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) is employed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems to elicit a large and diverse…

Insulin is one of the major regulatory hormones of intermediate metabolism throughout the body. It regulates the cellular uptake, utilization, and storage of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and inhibits the breakdown of glycogen, protein, and fat. Proinsulin is the prohormone precursor to…

GenScript’s MonoRab™ Anti-DYKDDDDK Affinity Resin is designed for optimal purification of DYKDDDDK-tagged proteins. DYKDDDDK tag is an octapeptide tag that can be added to a protein using recombinant DNA technology. It can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of a target protein to…

Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is a heterotrimeric protein expressed on the surface of certain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that binds and responds to the cytokine IL-2. The IL-2R is made up of 3 subunits - alpha (a), beta (ß) and gamma (?). The a and ß chains are involved in binding IL-2,…

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the IL-10 family of regulatory cytokines which includes IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26. Members of this family share partial homology in their amino acid sequences, but they are dissimilar in their biological functions. Produced by T lymphocytes,…

TWEAK, short for TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis, is also known as TNFSF12 and DR3LG. It is a type II transmembrane protein belonging to the TNF superfamily. It is expressed widely in many tissues, such as the heart, skeletal muscle, spleen and peripheral blood. Binding of TWEAK to its…

Thrombopoietin (TPO), also known as C-mpl ligand, MGDF and Thpo, is a glycoprotein hormone belonging to the EPO/TPO family. It is expressed mainly in the liver, kidney and skeletal muscle. TPO binds and signals through MLP/C_MPL receptor. It stimulates the proliferation and maturation of…

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) , also known as natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF) or cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor (CLMF), is a pleiotropic cytokine originally identified in the medium of activated human B lymphoblastoid cell lines. The p40 subunit of IL-12 has been shown to have…

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine with structural similarity to IL-2. Like IL-2, IL-15 binds to and signals through a complex composed of IL-2/IL-15 receptor beta chain (CD122) and the common gamma chain (gamma-C, CD132). IL-15 is secreted by mononuclear phagocytes (among other cells) following…

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a pleiotropic cytokine belonging to the interleukin family. IL-3 shares similarities with Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and IL-5: they all have a four-helix bundle structure, are located on the same chromosomes in both human and mouse, are…

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the IL-10 family of regulatory cytokines which includes IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26. Members of this family share partial homology in their amino acid sequence, but differ in their biological function. IL-22 is produced by T lymphocytes, and…

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in host defense by regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Produced by T cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and keratinocytes, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has diverse biological functions. It stimulates B-cell…

Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1a), is produced in a variety of cells including monocytes, tissue macrophages, keratinocytes and other epithelial cells. Both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta bind to the same receptor and have similar if not identical biological properties. These cytokines have a broad range of…

Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 (FGF-21) is a metabolic cytokine belonging to the heparin-binding FGF family. Along with FGF-19/15 and FGF-23, FGF-21 is categorized as a member of the atypical FGF subfamily, as it must be complexed to the Klotho co-receptor in order to bind to the FGF receptors and…

Interleukin-12 (IL-12), also known as NKSF, TCMF, CLMF and TSF, is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of p35 and p40 subunits. It is produced by monocytes, macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides and intracellular pathogens. IL-12 signals through the…

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), initially known as Cytokine Synthesis Inhibitory Factor (CSIF), belongs to the IL-10 family and shares more than 80% sequence homology with the Epstein-Barr Virus protein BCRFI. It is produced by many immune cells, such as T-cells, macrophages, mast cells and dendritic…

Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) ,also known as CTLA-8 and IL-17, is a proinflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-17 family. It is secreted by Th17 cells, gamma/delta T cells, NK cells and neutrophils. IL-17A signals through IL-17 receptor A in a complex with receptor C or D to regulate NF-kappaB and MAP…

Fibroblast Growth Factor-18 (FGF-18) is a heparin-binding growth factor that is a member of the FGF family. FGF-18 signals through FGFR 1c, 2c, 3c, and 4. FGF-18 plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration. FGF-18 is required for normal…

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family of proteins. HB-EGF-like growth factor is synthesized as a membrane-anchored mitogenic and chemotactic glycoprotein. An epidermal growth factor produced by monocytes and macrophages, due to an affinity for heparin is…

A Proliferation-inducing Ligand (April)) also known as TNSF13A, Tall-2, and TRDL-1, is a member of the TNF ligand (TNFL) superfamily. April is most similar to B-cell activation factor (BAFF) with which it shares 30% sequence identity, compete for two receptors, TACI and BCMA. APRIL is expressed at…

Fibroblast Growth Factor-8 (FGF-8) is a heparin-binding growth factor of the FGF family. There are 4 known forms of FGF8 produced by alternative splicing: FGF8a, FGF-8b, FGF-8e and FGF-8f. The human and mouse FGF8b are identical of aa sequences. FGF-8 plays an important role in the regulation of…

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) is a homotrimer with a subunit molecular mass of 17.3 kDa. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha(TNF-a) plays a major role in growth regulation, differentiation, inflammation, viral replication, tumorigenesis, and autoimmune diseases; and in viral, bacterial, fungal, and…

IP-10/CXCL10 also known as CXCL10, is originally identified as an IFN-?-inducible gene in monocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. It has since been shown that IP-10 mRNA is also induced by LPS, IL-1ß, TNF-a, IL-12 and viruses. Additional cell types that have been shown to express IP-10…