Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase/co-enzyme Q reductase) is one of the major sites of electron entry into the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Complex II catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, and in the process reduces ubiquinone (Q) to ubiquinol (QH2). Ultimately,…

This nuclear receptor assay system utilizes proprietary non-human mammalian cells engineered to provide constitutive, high-level expression of full-length, unmodified human androgen receptor (NR3C4), a ligand-dependent transcription factor commonly referred to as AR. INDIGO’s reporter cells…

Immunization of mice with citrullinated human fibrinogen, especially mice expressing the human HLA-DR4 transgene, induces an arthritic response driven by the production of antibodies that recognize citrullinated epitopes. The polyclonal antibody response produces antibodies reactive with both…

cAMP is a ubiquitous cellular second messenger that is a critical component of a signal transduction pathway linking membrane receptors and their ligands to the activation of internal cellular enzymatic activity and gene expression. cAMP is synthesized from ATP by membrane-bound adenylate cyclase…

This assay product utilizes proprietary human cells engineered to provide constitutive, highlevel expression of the Human Pregnane X Receptor (NR1I2), a ligand-dependent transcription factor commonly referred to as PXR. PXR is also known as the Steroid and Xenobiotic sensing nuclear receptor (SXR).…

Uric acid (urate) is the end product of human purine metabolism and is mainly excreted in urine. Many factors, including genetic components and acquired factors, such as obesity and alcohol consumption, influence serum uric acid concentrations. Hyperuricemia induces or facilitates gout, kidney…

Features Allows insulin measurement even in hemolyzed samples Contains insulinase inhibitors to protect sample integrity during collection The main analytical pitfalls in insulin measurement in serum are related to (a) hemolysis, (b) circulating anti-insulin autoantibodies, and, for…

Cayman’s MTT Proliferation Assay provides an easy to use tool for studying the induction and inhibition of cell proliferation in any in vitro model. This kit will also allow investigators to screen drug candidates involved in cell cycle regulation. In this assay, MTT is taken up by cells and…

FFAR1/GPR40 is a G protein-coupled receptor for long-chain fatty acids such as DHA and EPA ω-3 fatty acids. It is involved in the regulation of insulin release from pancreatic β cells and mediates triglyceride-induced secretion of incretins GLP-1 and GIP from intestinal endocrine cells.…

Cayman’s Phagocytosis Assay Kit (IgG FITC) employs latex beads coated with fluorescently-labeled rabbit IgG as a probe for the measurement of the phagocytic process in vitro. The engulfed fluorescent beads can be detected using a fluorescence microscope, allowing kinetic studies of…

Cayman's ATP Detection Assay Kit - Luminescence provides a simple and effective tool for measuring total ATP levels. This assay uses firefly luciferase to convert ATP and luciferin to oxyluciferin and light. The light emitted in this reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of ATP…

For the measurement of acylated ghrelin.

Cayman’s Protein Synthesis Assay Kit is a non-radioactive method for measuring protein synthesis that employs the cell-permeable, alkyne-containing, puromycin analog O-Propargyl-puromycin (OPP). Upon application to cells, the OPP probe incorporates into the C-terminus of translating…

11-KT is a second key androgenic steroid found in fish. It occurs in males together with testosterone in amounts which vary from less than 1 ng/ml to as much as 50-100 ng/ml, depending on the species and the stage of the reproductive cycle.

This nuclear receptor assay system utilizes proprietary non-human cells engineered to provide constitutive, high-level expression of the full-length human estrogen receptor 2 (NR3A2), a ligand-dependent transcription factor commonly referred to as ERβ. INDIGO’s reporter cells include the…

This nuclear receptor assay system utilizes proprietary human cells engineered to provide constitutive, high-level expression of the human thyroid hormone receptor beta (NR1A2), a ligand-dependent transcription factor commonly referred to as TRβ. INDIGO’s reporter cells include the…

Preparation of nuclear extracts is the first step in examining transcription factor activity. Cayman’s Nuclear Extraction is formulated for the quick and simple isolation of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions from cultured cells and tissue homogenates that can be used successfully in…

NADPH is an essential cofactor for the function of the NOS enzyme. Unfortunately, NADPH interferes with the chemistry of the Griess reagents, which are the most commonly used reagents for nitrite detection. This kit uses Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) to oxidize the excess NADPH used in a…

The sirtuins represent a distinct class of trichostatin A-insensitive lysyl-deacetylases (class III HDACs) that catalyze a reaction coupling lysine deacetylation to the formation of nicotinamide and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose. Cayman’s Direct Fluorescent Screening Assay Kits provide a convenient…

Oxytocin is a hypothalamic peptide hormone that is stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It is released into the bloodstream during parturition and lactation and is also involved in other social and sexual behaviors, neuropsyciatric disorders, and the maintenance of water and sodium homeostasis.…

β-Hydroxybutyrate (β-HB; 3-hydroxybutyric acid) is produced in the liver, mainly from the oxidation of fatty acids, and exported to peripheral tissues for use as an energy source. Measurement of β-HB can provide a reliable index of the level of normal ketosis as well as detect…

Cayman’s Cortisol ELISA is a competitive assay that provides accurate measurements of cortisol within the range of 6.6-4,000 pg/ml.

This assay has been developed for researchers that do not have experience performing ELISAs. It can be used as a practice tool allowing you to become comfortable with running Cayman ELISAs. This kit contains enough reagents to run at least four complete standard curves.

Catalase is an ubiquitous antioxidant enzyme that is present in most aerobic cells. It is involved in the detoxification of H2O2, a ROS that is a toxic product of both normal aerobic metabolism and pathogenic ROS production. Cayman’s Catalase Assay utilizes the peroxidatic function of…

Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that plays a key role in maintaining redox homeostasis via its interaction with a cysteine-rich protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). In resting cells, Nrf2 and Keap1 form a tight complex, which is targeted for…

Cayman’s S-Nitrosylated Protein Detection Kit (Biotin Switch) employs a modification of the Jaffrey et al. 'Biotin-switch' method to allow for the direct visualization of S-nitrosylated proteins in whole cells or tissues, as well as by WB analysis. Using this method, free SH groups…

Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is a key intermediate in cellular metabolic pathways and is derived primarily from glucose via glycolysis. Abnormal blood pyruvate levels are reported in a number of disorders including shock, liver disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, thiamine deficiency,…

Oxidative stress in the cellular environment results in the formation of highly reactive and unstable lipid hydroperoxides. Decomposition of the unstable peroxides derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), which can be quantified colorimetrically…

Immunoglobulin IgG provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens and plays a significant role in the pathology of auto-immune diseases. Most mouse monoclonal antibodies are of the IgG isotype. Because mice are widely used as a research model for studies of the immune…

Aconitase is an iron-sulfur protein containing a [Fe4S4]2+ cluster that catalyzes the stereospecific isomerization of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate. Whereas exposure of aconitase to oxidants renders the enzyme inactive, loss of aconitase activity in cells or in biological samples treated…

Cayman’s Nitrate/Nitrite Assay provides an accurate and convenient method for measurement of total nitrate/nitrite concentrations. This kit can be used to measure nitrate and nitrite in plasma/serum, urine, tissue culture media, and tissue homogenates. However, it cannot be used to analyze…

Glycogen is the principal storage form of glucose in animal and human cells. It is made primarily by the liver and muscles, but it can also be made by glycogenesis within the brain and stomach. Cayman’s Glycogen Assay provides a simple, reproducible, and sensitive tool for assaying glycogen…