Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase/co-enzyme Q reductase) is one of the major sites of electron entry into the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Complex II catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, and in the process reduces ubiquinone (Q) to ubiquinol (QH2). Ultimately,…

11β-PGF2α is the primary plasma metabolite of PGD2 in vivo, the levels of which can increase from 6 pg/ml in a normal healthy volunteer to 490 ng/ml in patients with systemic mastocytosis. The normal human urinary excretion of 11β-PGF2α is about 11 ng/mmol creatinine (~400…

Leukotrienes (LTs) are a group of acute inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid in eosinophils, mast cells, and macrophages. Their biosynthesis proceeds via the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway in which 5-LO converts arachidonic acid into LTA4 with 5(S)-HpETE as an intermediate. The…

For the quantification of TXB₂ in urine, serum, tissue culture supernatants, and other sample matrices Sensitivity (80% B/B0): 5 pg/ml Assay Range: 1.6-1,000 pg/ml Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is produced from arachidonic acid by many cells and causes irreversible platelet…

The isoprostanes are a family of eicosanoids of non-enzymatic origin produced by the random oxidation of tissue phospholipids by oxygen radicals. Isoprostanes appear as artifacts in tissue and plasma samples which have undergone oxidative degradation during prolonged or improper storage. They also…

11-KT is a second key androgenic steroid found in fish. It occurs in males together with testosterone in amounts which vary from less than 1 ng/ml to as much as 50-100 ng/ml, depending on the species and the stage of the reproductive cycle.

Cayman’s PC Assay provides a specific, sensitive, and convenient method for quantifying PC in plasma or serum. In this assay, PC-Specific PLD hydrolyzes PC to choline and phosphatidic acid. The newly formed choline is then used to generate hydrogen peroxide in a reaction catalyzed by choline…

Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is a product of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway in activated mast cells, eosinophils, and monocytes. LTA4, the primary 5-LO metabolite, is rapidly converted to LTC4 and sequentially to LTD4 and LTE4. While plasma levels of LTC4 are virtually undetectable, exogenously…

Progesterone, along with pregnenolone, is the biosynthetic precursor of all other steroid hormones. The main function of progesterone is to prepare the uterine lining for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to maintain pregnancy. Measurement of serum or plasma progesterone levels are used as an…

This assay has been developed for researchers that do not have experience performing ELISAs. It can be used as a practice tool allowing you to become comfortable with running Cayman ELISAs. This kit contains enough reagents to run at least four complete standard curves.

Testosterone is the prototypic and predominant circulating androgenic steroid. It plays a major role in the growth and function of many reproductive and non-reproductive tissues and organs including muscle, liver, and brain, directing the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis and…

Cayman’s Cortisol ELISA is a competitive assay that provides accurate measurements of cortisol within the range of 6.6-4,000 pg/ml.

Complex I (NADH oxidase/Co-enzyme Q reductase) is one of the major sites of electron entry into the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Complex I catalyzes the 2 electron oxidation of NADH followed by the reduction of ubiquinone (Q) to form ubiquinol (QH2), and ultimately the reduction of…

This assay kit provides an accurate and convenient method for screening LO inhibitors. This assay measures the hydroperoxides generated from the incubation of a LO (5-, 12-, or 15-LO) with either arachidonic or linoleic acid.

Urea is the final degradation product of protein and amino acid metabolism. Urea is found in blood and is excreted by the kidney as a component of urine. Besides its role as carrier of waste nitrogen, urea also plays a role in the countercurrent exchange system of the nephrons, allowing for…

Latanoprost is an F-series PG analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug. PG esters and other similar derivatives act as prodrugs which are converted to the active free acid form by an esterase/amidase activity in ocular tissues. The free acid form of Latanoprost is 200…

Resolvin D2 (RvD2) is produced physiologically from the sequential oxygenation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by 15- and 5-lipoxygenases. RvD2 reduces polymorphonuclear leukocyte transendothelial migration, the earliest event in acute inflammation, by ~70% at doses as low as 10 pg in the mouse model…

Sphingomyelin is an important lipid component of cell membranes and lipoproteins. Cayman’s SM Assay provides a specific, sensitive, and convenient method for quantifying SM in plasma or serum in a 96-well format with a colorimetric readout at 595 nm.

MAGL is the main enzyme responsible for the inactivation of 2-AG. Cayman’s Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor Screening Assay provides a convenient method for screening human MAGL inhibitors. MAGL hydrolyzes 4-nitrophenylacetate resulting in a yellow product, 4-nitrophenol, with an absorbance…

Cayman’s STAT-8-isoprostane ELISA is a competitive assay that permits the rapid measurement of 8-iso PGF2α from biological samples, requiring only 1 hour incubation and development times for each step. This assay format is similar to that employed in Cayman’s original…

DNA methylation is an important epigenetic process regulating gene expression. Methylation occurs on carbon 5 of 2-deoxy cytidine yielding the modified base 5-methyl-2-deoxy cytidine. The methylation pattern of cells is tightly regulated during development with the methylation profile being…

Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is produced physiologically from the sequential oxygenation of DHA by 15- and 5-lipoxygenases. The 17(R)-epimer of RvD1 can also be generated with aspirin-treatment. Both RvD1 and its 17(R) configuration reduce human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) transendothelial migration,…

GSTs are ubiquitous multifunctional enzymes, which play a key role in cellular detoxification. The enzymes protect cells against toxicants by conjugating them to glutathione thereby neutralizing their electrophilic sites and rendering the products more water-soluble. Cayman’s GST Assay…

PGF2α is one of the five primary PGs derived enzymatically directly from the endoperoxide PGH2. The majority of the functional roles ascribed to it relate to fertility, pregnancy, and parturition. Like all of the primary PGs, PGF2α has a very short half-life in the general circulation.…

Arachidonoyl thio-PC is a substrate for cPLA2 by virtue of the presence of arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position of the glycerophospholipid. Hydrolysis of the arachidonoyl thioester bond at the sn-2 position by PLA2 releases free thiol which can be detected by DTNB. This assay can be used to…

Because of the rapid metabolism of PGE2, the determination of in vivo PGE2 biosynthesis is often best accomplished by the measurement of PGE2 metabolites. Cayman’s PGEM Assay converts all 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGE2 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGA2 into a single stable derivative, which is…

15(S)-HETE is produced from arachidonic acid by the enzyme 15-LO. In humans it is formed primarily in the respiratory epithelium, leukocytes, and reticulocytes. It may contribute to allergic rhinitis, has anti-inflammatory properties, and acts as a vasoconstrictor. Cayman’s 15(S)-HETE ELISA…

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is biosynthesized in the brain by a soluble, 26 kDa glutathione-independent lipocalin-type PGD2 synthase. This PGD2 accumulates in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where it induces physiologic sleep in rats and humans. PGD2 is also synthesized in mast cells and leukocytes by a…

tetranor-PGDM is a major metabolite of PGD2 found in human and murine urine. Normal levels of tetranor-PGDM in human and murine urine are 1.5 ng/mg creatinine and 8.1 ng/mg creatinine respectively. Cayman’s tetranor-PGDM ELISA is a competitive assay that can be used for quantification of…

Corticosterone is a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), and is the precursor to aldosterone. The production of glucorcorticoids is increased by stress; therefore, corticosterone can be used as a biomarker of stress. Plasma corticosterone…

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), produced from arachidonic acid, causes irreversible platelet aggregation, vascular, and bronchial smooth muscle contraction. TXA2 is rapidly hydrolyzed non-enzymatically to form TXB2. However, most of the TXB2 measured in the plasma or urine of healthy individuals is due to…

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is biosynthesized in the brain by soluble, glutathione-independent lipocalin-type PGD2 synthase. PGD2 accumulates in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where it induces physiologic sleep in rats and humans. PGD2 is also synthesized in mast cells and leukocytes by a cellular,…