A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator; an ER antagonist in breast tissue, effective in treating early breast cancer; an ER agonist in bone and blood vessels and a partial ER agonist in uterine tissues.

A cyclic diacyl hydrazide that exhibits chemiluminescence upon oxidation; HRP combined with H₂O₂ causes luminescent peroxidation of luminol; can also be oxidized, and chemiluminesce, by compounds containing iron, copper, gold, and cyanide.

An SFA containing eleven carbons (C11:0) that is cytotoxic to certain filamentous fungi.

An NSAID commonly used in animals to combat pain and inflammation, particularly as associated with osteoarthritis; inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 (IC₅₀s = 22.3 and 3.9 µM, respectively) and also FAAH (IC₅₀ = 74 µM).

A polypeptide antibiotic effective against Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae.

A mixture of at least four closely related components, polymyxin B1 to B4, with polymyxin B1 and B2 being the two major components; demonstrates rapid in vitro bactericidal activity against major multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumonia.

A mixture of proteolytic enzymes derived from the stem and fruit of pineapple plants; studied for a number of potential beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, fibrinolytic, and anti-cancer functions.

A natural agonist of the human sweet taste receptor and used as a flavorant; has diverse cellular effects at low doses, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral actions.

A dye used to stain proteins for IEF and SDS-PAGE; fluoresces near infrared (absorption maximum: 624 nm).

An atypical, second generation antipsychotic compound that has effects at multiple receptors; antagonizes dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptors, serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT7 receptors, and α1A, α1B, and α2C adrenergic receptors.

A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine; used to solubilize lipids and membrane-bound proteins and also as a vehicle to assist with vaccine delivery.

A coumarin antibiotic that inhibits the ATPase activity of DNA gyrase, permitting relaxation of negative supercoils; also generates positively supercoiled DNA.

4-Pyrimidinecarboxaldehyde, dimethyl acetal is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A derivative of AMP that has been used in the synthesis of novel photoaffinity labels for incorporation into DNA and to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage.

A tricyclic antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and acts as an antagonist at histamine, serotonin, adrenergic, and muscarinic receptors with Ki values in the nanomolar range.

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A second generation antihistamine that acts as a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist (pKi = 8).

A metabolic precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood brain barrier; used to treat Parkinson’s disease and stroke damage.

A monosaccharide derivative of glucose that is released by the action of O-GlcNAcase, in mammalian systems, from proteins that have been post-translationally modified with O-GlcNAc; also is the monomeric unit of chitin, which is found in fungi and many inverebrates, including crustaceans, insects,…

A natural plant sterol that can be isolated from certain seed oils and herbs, including those used for therapeutic purposes.

A thio analog of the purine base guanine that incorporates into DNA during replication, inducing double-strand breaks that destabilize its structure and result in cytotoxicity; used as a chemotherapeutic for acute leukemia and other types of cancer, including BRCA2-mutated tumors.

An amino-amide anesthetic that binds to the intracellular portion of voltage-gated sodium channels and blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, preventing the generation of an action potential; inhibits the uptake of dopamine in striatal synaptosomes by 47% at 100 µM.

A metabolite of tryptophan that has pronounced effects on neuronal signaling; broadly antagonizes ionotopic glutamate receptors; has potent effects at glutamate receptor subunit ζ-1 (Ki = 5.4 µM), GPR35 (EC₅₀ = 39 µM), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (EC₅₀ = 300…

A naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class that stimulates cell elongation and division, promoting plant growth and development.

A non-ionic detergent commonly used to solubilize membrane-associated proteins; helps retain the native conformation and activity of membrane-associated proteins, and facilitates the reforming of these proteins after denaturation.

A cyclic oligosaccharide containing seven D-(+)-glucopyranose units that is widely used to improve the aqueous solubility of various compounds, especially those containing a phenyl group.

A major metabolite of glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice that exhibits anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties; at 100 mg/kg/day, reduces lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant activity in diabetic rats; suppresses LPS-induced TNF-α production and…

An indoleamine neurohormone whose levels vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions in animals, plants, and microbes; acts as a powerful antioxidant that protects lipids, proteins, and DNA against oxidative damage.

A natural form of vitamin A that is thermally more stable than retinol; can reduce cell proliferation and promote differentiation.

Cathepsin K is a lysosomal cysteine protease found in osteoclasts whose elevated activity has been linked to the formation of osteoporosis and arthritis. 2-cyano-Pyrimidine is a cathepsin K inhibitor whose basic structure and derivatives are being studied for the treatment of osteoporosis.…

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

Produced in fungi, including yeast, and invertebrates from ergosterol in response to ultraviolet radiation; metabolized first to 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and subsequently to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2.