A nonenzyme-dependent degradation product of rapamycin resulting from ester hydration followed by dehydration; secreted from cells by P-glycoprotein; poorly activates mTOR but, like rapamycin, inhibits the proteasome.

A synthetic cytokinin used as a media supplement to regulate growth in woody plant tissue cultures and micropropagations; concentrations below 1 µM promote axillary proliferation, whereas concentrations above 1 µM can stimulate the formation of callus, adventitious shoots, or somatic embryos.

An ATP-competitive inhibitor of p38 MAPK isoform p38α (IC₅₀s = 5 nM) and p38β (97% inhibition at 1 µM); has little effect on a range of other kinases, including p38γ and p38δ; blocks the phosphorylation of HSP27, a p38 MAPK substrate, in response to…

Aminophylline is a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. Aminophylline exhibits vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory activity and is occasionally clinically used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD). In animal models of allergen-induced…

An amide of docosenoic acid first identified in the CSF of sleep-deprived cats; causes reduced mobility and slightly lessened awareness in rats.

ProClin biocides are immediately microstatic upon contact with microbial organisms as a result of their ability to quickly penetrate cell membranes and inhibit specific enzymes crucial to cellular respiration. Multiple specific sites of ProClin toxicity prevent microorganisms from developing high…

An analgesic and antipyretic compound; inhibits COX-2 activity by more than 80%, albeit at relatively high doses, while it is less effective against COX-1.

The hydroperoxy HPLC mixture contains several of the principle LO-derived hydroperoxides of arachidonic acid and linoleic acid supplied in ethanol. This HPLC mixture contains 5 µg of the following fatty acid hydroperoxides: 5(S)-HpETE, 12(S)-HpETE, 15(S)-HpETE, 9(S)-HpODE, and 13(S)- HpODE.

N-4AIA is one of several aromatic amides of indomethacin reported to be potent and selective reversible inhibitors of COX-2. N-4AIA inhibits human recombinant and ovine COX-2 with IC₅₀ values of 0.1 and 0.625 µM, respectively. It is about 80 times less potent as an inhibitor of…

Induces protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator by triggering transcription of the lac operon in cloning procedures.

A non-cholestatic regioisomer of E217G that acts as a substrate for MRP2, competing with E217G for MRP2-mediated transport (IC₅₀ = 14.2 µM).

A blue non-fluorescent dye that is used as an oxidation-reduction indicator in cell viability assays in a variety of cells; can be reduced to the highly red-fluorescent product resorufin (excitation: 530-540 nm; emission: 585-595 nm) and used as a quantifiable detection agent in enzyme activity or…

A glucosamine-nitrosourea which is commonly used to induce experimental diabetes in animals; specifically targets beta cells, entering via the glucose transporter GLUT2 and causing alkylation of DNA, leading to the destruction of beta cells.

A naturally occurring macrolide polyene used to treat fungal infections, including Candida, Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, Fusarium and Penicillium (minimal inhibitory concentrations ~ 4-64 μM); also used in the food industry as a "natural" preservative.

A potent marine-derived neurotoxin that reversibly inhibits the inward sodium current through NaV channels (IC₅₀s = 4.1 and 5.2 nM, respectively, in frog muscle and squid axon; Kd = 1.8 nM in rat brain), blocking nerve and muscle action potentials.

Cafestol is a diterpene initially found in brewed, unfiltered coffee that exhibits anti-angiogenic, anticancer, chemopreventive, neuromodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and hyperlipidemic activities. Cafestol inhibits proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro, potentially through decreasing…

A competitive inhibitor of 15-hydroxy PGDH; acts as an agonist on most EP receptor subtypes (Kd d~ 1 nM for isolated EP2 receptors); preserves the self-renewal properties while preventing the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells during expansion in culture.

A dye that is commonly used in laboratories to stain or quantify proteins; typically gives blue bands on a clear background with a sensitivity of 50-100 ng/band; displays metachromasia by appearing pink-red, rather than blue, when binding certain proteins, such as collagen and histone H1.

A potent and selective inhibitor of mTOR (IC50 = 2 and 10 nM for mTORC1 and mTORC2, respectively); efficacious at a dose of 20 mg/kg in inhibiting downstream effectors of mTOR in mice.

Naturally occuring mycotoxin and food contaminant that induces the transversion of G to T at codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and is a likely pathogen that causes hepatocellular carcinoma.

A naturally occurring cytokinin that regulates cell division, development, and nutrient processing in plants and serves as a precursor to zeatin synthesis.

A selective, potent, and cell-permeable inhibitor of mTOR (IC₅₀ = 4.3 nM) which blocks signaling through both mTORC1 and mTORC2; induces G1 cell cycle arrest in both rapamycin-sensitive and rapamycin-resistant cancer cell lines and reduces tumor growth in nude mice with PTEN-null tumors.

A nonthiazide diuretic that inhibits the sodium/chloride cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney; also effectively inhibits the activity of most platelet carbonic anhydrase isozymes (IC₅₀s = 2.8 nM - 11 µM).

D-myo-Inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (Ins(3,4,5)-P3) is a structural analog of Ins(1,4,5)-P3 and a member of the inositol phosphate (InsP) cell signaling family of molecules. D-myo Ins(3,4,5)-P3 is 200-fold less potent than D-myo Ins(1,4,5)-P3 at initiating Ca++ release when injected into Xenopus…

A biotinyl derivative used to label surface functional groups, antibodies, lectins, sugars, nucleic acids, or molecules with free carboxylic or keto groups; probe for determining protein carbonylation.

A nuclesoside analog that disrupts DNA synthesis in blood cells; effective in a number of animal tumor systems including LI210 leukemia, CD8F mammary adenocarcinoma, P388 leukemia, and human LX-1 lung tumor xenograft and displays anticancer activity against human hematological malignancies in vivo.

Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid found in coffee, tea, and many other plant sources; it exhibits stimulant, bronchodilatory, anti-asthma, vasoconstrictive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-aging, and anti-fibrotic activities. Caffeine activates adenosine receptors and inhibits…

An odorless, selective, and water-soluble reducing agent that is commonly used in many laboratory applications; commonly used to rapidly reduce protein and peptide disulfide bonds.

A subtype-selective AMPA receptor antagonist that inhibits homomeric GluR1 and GluR3 as well as heteromeric GluR1/2 receptors (80-100% of glutamate-evoked currents inhibited at 100 µM); inhibits the GluR5(Q) receptor with a Ki value of 0.29 µM.

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is administered either orally or parenterally.

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A nutlin-3 analog; inhibits the growth of HCT116 cells at high concentrations (IC50 = ~8 µM); promotes the growth of HCT116 cells ~40% at concentrations between 5-100 nM.