Hydrocortisone, a primary glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. It has three times the anti-inflammatory potency of corticosterone but much lower Na2+ retention potency. Hydrocortisone, known more formally as cortisone (INN, USAN, BAN), is a steroid hormone, produced by the zona…

An elongation product of γ-linolenic acid (18:3), rapidly metabolized by fatty acid desaturases to produce arachidonic acid (20:4); metabolized through the cyclooxygenase pathway to produce 1-series prostaglandins; can reduce atopic dermatitis and atherosclerosis when added to the diet of mice.

A dihydroxybenzoic acid phenolic compound that demonstrates free radical scavenging capability (IC₅₀ = 16.3 μM) in a DPPH radical scavenging activity assay; possesses anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, neuroprotective, and anticancer activities.

Aconitine is a toxin found in Aconitum that exhibits antipyretic, antihypertensive, analgesic, and antinociceptive activities. Aconitine binds neurotoxin binding site 2 of Na+ channels, forcing the channel to stay open longer, allowing continual depolarization, Na+ influx, and eventually paralysis.…

A synthetic analog of curcumin that activates enzymes which catalyze detoxification reactions through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway; increases NQO1 activity, glutathione reductase activity, and total glutathione levels in vitro at 0.6 – 0.15 μM; causes G2/M cell cycle arrest and…

A potent inhibitor of PORCN (IC₅₀ = 74 pM), completely blocking Wnt secretion into culture media; prevents activation of all evaluated Wnt family members; effective in vivo as well as in vitro; blocks the progression of breast cancer while downregulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway target…

An O-methylated anthocyanidin that imparts blue-red pigments to flowers, fruits, and red wine; suppresses the activity of focal adhesion kinase and the proliferation of HCT116 colon cancer cells.

Diets high in fiber contain plant lignan species that may be directly responsible for some observed health benefits of these diets. Enterolactone is an enterobacterial breakdown product of plant lignans that is absorbed and can be measured in human serum. Enterolactone and other ligans and…

An orally-active, non-peptidic agonist of GHSR (Kd = 0.4 nM) and, as a result, is a GH secretagogue; elevates GH in dogs after oral doses as low as 0.125 mg/kg, without significantly changing plasma levels of aldosterone, luteinizing hormone, thyroxine, or prolactin.

Betulin is a pentacyclic triterpene found in birch bark. This compound can induce apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis, lending it a wide variety of functions, including anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, antioxidative, and antibacterial roles. Betulin is hepatoprotective as…

Amoxicillin is a ß-lactam penicillin antibiotic that exhibits antibacterial efficacy against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Amoxicillin inhibits peptidoglycan polymerization through binding of penicillin binding proteins, inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

An intermediate in the pathway leading to the production of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3; plasma or serum levels are commonly used as an indicator of an individual’s vitamin D status.

Inhibits CKII (IC50 range of 4-10 µM), Cdk7 (IC50 = ~20 µM), Cdk8 (IC50 = ~20 µM), and Cdk9 (IC50 = 3 µM); inhibits elongation during RNA polymerase II transcription; triggers p53-dependent apoptosis of human colon adenocarcinoma cells; inhibits trans-activated transcription…

8-iso-15-keto PGF2α is a metabolite of the isoprostane 8-iso PGF2α in rabbits, monkeys, and humans. 8-isoprostane (8-iso PGF2α) is a prostaglandin-like product of non-specific lipid peroxidation. In both humans and monkeys, exogenously infused 8-iso PGF2α is converted…

CAS: 84692-91-1

Microcystins are hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by cyanobacteria. They are responsible for periodic poisonings of humans and livestock drinking fresh water where the blue-green algae are endemic. Microcystin-LR is a selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) (IC50= 0.04…

A cell permeable, competitive inhibitor of HIF-PH with effective concentrations in the low µM range.

An ATP-competitive inhibitor of p38 MAPK isoform p38α (IC₅₀s = 5 nM) and p38β (97% inhibition at 1 µM); has little effect on a range of other kinases, including p38γ and p38δ; blocks the phosphorylation of HSP27, a p38 MAPK substrate, in response to…

Selectively inhibits MEK1/2; potently inhibits growth and survival of human INA-6 multiple myeloma cells and cytokine-induced osteoclast differentiation (IC50s = 10 and 18.2 nM, respectively); 30 mg/kg reduced tumor growth significantly in mice bearing H929 MM xenografts.

Sodium butyrate is an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) that exhibits antidepressant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities. In animals undergoing the light dark test, tail suspension test, and forced swim test, sodium butyrate decreases restraint stress-induced depression. In…

A fluorogenic substrate whose amino acids YVAD have been shown to be a preferred cleavage site for caspase-1 and -4.

A dye that is commonly used in laboratories to stain or quantify proteins; typically gives blue bands on a clear background with a sensitivity of 50-100 ng/band; displays metachromasia by appearing pink-red, rather than blue, when binding certain proteins, such as collagen and histone H1.

A cell-permeable, stable free radical that is commonly used to evaluate the ability of compounds to act as free radical scavengers or hydrogen donors and to measure the antioxidant activity of tissue extracts; followed by color change from purple (absorbance at 515-528 nm) to yellow.

Displaces BET proteins from chromatin by competitively binding to the acetyl-lysine recognition pocket of BET bromodomains; binds BRD4 bromodomains 1 and 2 with Kd values of ~50 and 90 nM, respectively.

A kaempferol glycoside that selectively inhibits RSK2 with an IC50 value of 89 nM (Ki = 1 μM) without interfering with upstream activators of RSK, including ERK, MEK, EGFR, and PKC; inhibits the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells at 100 μM and attenuates angiotensin II-induced cell…

13-oxoODE is produced from 13-HODE by a NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase present in rat colonic mucosa. 13-OxoODE stimulates cell proliferation when instilled intrarectally in rats. 13-OxoODE has also been detected in preparations of rabbit reticulocyte plasma and mitochondrial membranes, mostly…

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment found primarily in marine animals including shrimp and salmon; it is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant.

A macrolide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis (IC₅₀ = 0.26 µM) by targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit; effective against M. haemolytica and P. multocida (MICs = 2 and 0.5 µg/ml, respectively), which cause respiratory tract infections in cattle and swine.

A cell-permeable selective inhibitor of the PI3K catalytic subunit p110δ (IC50 = 0.5 μM). It less effectively inhibits p110γ and p110β (IC50 = 29 and 75 μM, respectively) and has no significant effect on p110α and several other kinases.

A selective inhibitor of the USP1-UAF1 deubiquitinase complex activity (IC₅₀ = 76 nM); potentiates cisplatin cytotoxicity in NSCLC H596 cells and U2OS osteosarcoma cells by targeting the TLS and FA DNA damage response pathways.

An isomer of 17-phenyl trinor PGF2α, characterized by an inverted (β) hydroxyl group at C-15.

Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid and is one of the major components of membrane phospholipids. Oleic acid contributes about 17% of the total fatty acids esterified to phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid class in porcine platelets. Oleic acid inhibits collagen-stimulated platelet…