ProClin biocides are immediately microstatic upon contact with microbial organisms as a result of their ability to quickly penetrate cell membranes and inhibit specific enzymes crucial to cellular respiration. Multiple specific sites of ProClin toxicity prevent microorganisms from developing high…

Bilirubin is the principal pigment of bile and constituent of many biliary calculi and also found in blood. As the major end-product of the biological breakdown of heme, bilirubin is the chromophore responsible for coloration in various forms of jaundice. Bilirubin is suitable for use in the…

Produced from Ins(1,2,3,5,6)P5 via a minor enzymatic phytate degradation pathway by K. terrigena; moderately effective in opening calcium channels relative to Ins(1,4,5)P3.

A protein cross-linking agent isolated from G. jasminoides Ellis; inhibits UCP2 activity; 5 µM genipin increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets chronically exposed to high levels of glucose; induces apoptosis in FaO rat hepatoma cells and human…

A subtype-selective AMPA receptor antagonist that inhibits homomeric GluR1 and GluR3 as well as heteromeric GluR1/2 receptors (80-100% of glutamate-evoked currents inhibited at 100 µM); inhibits the GluR5(Q) receptor with a Ki value of 0.29 µM.

A potent inhibitor of both MEK 1 and 2 that works in an ATP-noncompetitive fashion (IC₅₀s = 0.7 and 0.9 nM, respectively); blocks dual phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and stops cell cycling in cancer cell lines, both in vitro and in multiple tumor models in mice.

A naturally occurring diterpene that directly activates adenylyl cyclase to raise levels of cAMP in a wide variety of cell types; binds to type 1 adenylyl cyclase membranes with an IC50 value of 41 nM and demonstrates an EC50 value of 0.5 μM in an activation assay.

The product of nitration of linoleate by NO-derived reactive species; activates PPARγ (Ki = 133 nM), inducing CD36 expression in macrophages, adipocyte differentiation, and glucose uptake; can also be metabolized to produce nitrite derivatives which in turn form NO, leading to increased cGMP production.

A potent, ATP-competitive inhibitor of ROCKs including p160ROCK (Ki = 140 nM) and ROCK-II (IC50 = 800 nM); also inhibits PRK2 with an IC50 value of 600 nM.

A naturally occurring electron donor for eight different enzymes, including those related to collagen hydroxylation, carnitine synthesis (which aids in the generation of ATP), norepinephrine synthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and amidating peptides.

An orally bioavailable, brain-penetrant inhibitor of MLKs (IC₅₀s = 19, 42, 14, and 150 nM for MLK1, MLK2, MLK3, and the related MLK family member DLK, respectively); also inhibits LRRK2 activity (IC₅₀ = 11 nM); demonstrates anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects both in…

Ciprofloxacin is a second generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic that exhibits antibacterial activity against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, preventing DNA replication.

A natural oxidative metabolic of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1; produced from aflatoxin B1 in mammals and then secreted in milk.

A long-chain saturated fatty acid that does not affect plasma total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol but may reduce HDL-cholesterol.

An intermediate produced from vitamin D2 by cytochrome P450 isoforms in vertebrates; subsequently metabolized to 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D2, which is an agonist for the vitamin D receptor.

Anabaenopeptins are cyclopentapeptides found in cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria agardhii. Anabaenopeptins and other cyanotoxins are typically inhibitors of serine proteases and protein phosphatases (PPs). Anabaenopeptins may also inhibit carboxypeptidases.…

An O-methylated isoflavone with weak estrogenic activity (IC₅₀ = 3.94 μM) that has been used in research related phytoestrogen therapeutic activity applied to bone formation, cardiovascular disease, estrogen-dependent cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease.

CYPMPO is a free radical spin trap with excellent trapping capabilities toward hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in biological and chemical systems. Decay of the superoxide adduct of CYPMPO proceeds in an apparent first order fashion with half-lives of 15 and 51 minutes in a UV-illuminated hydrogen…

A form of palmitic acid with an ω-terminal alkyne for use in click chemistry to isolate palmitoylated proteins.

A selective, reversible inhibitor of FAS (pIC₅₀ = 7.8).

Bupivacaine is an amino amide anesthetic that decreases current amplitude and inhibits whole cell K+ currents in Ca2+-activated (BK/SK) K+ channels and N-type voltage-gated (Kv1/shaker and Kv3 KCNA/KCNC) K+ channels. Bupivacaine also inhibits voltage-gated Na+ channels and tandem pore domain…

A non-ionic detergent commonly used to solubilize membrane-associated proteins; helps retain the native conformation and activity of membrane-associated proteins, and facilitates the reforming of these proteins after denaturation.

A selective TRPM8 antagonist (IC₅₀s = 8.3 and 5.8 nM in human and rat, respectively); attenuates icilin-induced wet-dog shakes in rats (ED₅₀ = 0.65 mg/kg); reduces HSC3 and HSC4 oral squamous carcinoma cell migration and invasion in vitro.

A selective, reversible inhibitor of vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases), blocking these proton pumps in mammalian, plant, or fungal cells with an IC50 value in the 4-400 nM range; also inhibits autophagy by preventing vacuolar acidification necessary for autophagosome maturation.

A mycotoxin produced by A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius, and P. verrucosum that is commonly found as a food contaminant (Tolerable Weekly Intake = 100 ng/kg body weight per day); triggers nephropathy, induces renal adenomas, and initiates skin tumors through events involving oxidative stress,…

A corrinoid vitamin with roles in brain and nervous system functioning and blood formation through regulation of DNA synthesis, cellular metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism; serves as a cofactor in isomerase-, methyltransferase-, and dehalogenase-catalyzed reactions,…

A metabolite of tryptophan derived from dietary protein that can accumulate to toxic levels in instances of uremia; 250 µM can induce the activation of NF-κB, promoting the expression of both TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression in proximal tubular cells of rats, which is associated with…

A major metabolite of resveratrol that is produced by the gut microbiota.

An internal standard for the quantification of 13-OxoODE by GC- or LC-MS.

An inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (IC50 = 5 nM) that has been shown to be more effective than atorvastatin, simvastatin, or pravastatin in decreasing LDL cholesterol and increasing HDL cholesterol.

A selective PI3K inhibitor that targets the β isoform more potently than PI3Kδ, PI3Kγ, or PI3Kα (IC₅₀s = 0.69, 13.6, 47.8, and 136 nM, respectively); blocks Akt signaling and tumor growth in a large number of cancer cell lines and suppresses the growth of…

Estriol is a metabolite of estradiol and a major estrogen produced in the later stages of pregnancy. In a longitudinal study in healthy pregnant women, total plasma estriol levels increased from 10 weeks gestation to approximately 150 ng/ml at week 38. The majority of the estriol synthesized in the…