An SFA containing eleven carbons (C11:0) that is cytotoxic to certain filamentous fungi.

Sodium butyrate is an inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) that exhibits antidepressant, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities. In animals undergoing the light dark test, tail suspension test, and forced swim test, sodium butyrate decreases restraint stress-induced depression. In…

A cell-permeable, fluorescent dye that accumulates in acidic organelles in a pH-dependent manner and is used for autophagy detection and cell cycle determination; emits green fluorescence (ex. max: 502 nm; ,em. max: 525 nm) at neutral pH or when bound to dsDNA and red fluorescence (ex. max: 460 nm;…

An inhibitor of fibrinolysis that blocks the interaction of plasmin with fibrin (IC₅₀ = 3.1 µM).

A deoxyhexose monosaccharide found on N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipids that exists either as a terminal modification of glycan structures or serves as a point of attachment for adding other sugars; plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated…

A blue non-fluorescent dye that is used as an oxidation-reduction indicator in cell viability assays in a variety of cells; can be reduced to the highly red-fluorescent product resorufin (excitation: 530-540 nm; emission: 585-595 nm) and used as a quantifiable detection agent in enzyme activity or…

L-Citrulline is a by product of NO formation from metabolism of L-arginine that exhibits tocolytic and antioxidative activities. L-Citrulline was originally found in watermelon. In isolated rat uteri, L-citrulline decreases uterine contractile force through stimulation of the NO-cGMP relaxant…

Urinary metabolite of leucine that is used as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of various acidemias and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation defects.

A cyclic diacyl hydrazide that exhibits chemiluminescence upon oxidation; HRP combined with H₂O₂ causes luminescent peroxidation of luminol; can also be oxidized, and chemiluminesce, by compounds containing iron, copper, gold, and cyanide.

A natural polyamine that plays diverse roles in signal transduction and metabolism; involved in growth, development, and stress responses in plants.

β-estradiol is a potent mammalian estrogenic hormone produced by the ovary. Triggers the production of gonadotropins leading to ovulation. β-Estradiol is used to study cell differentiation and transformations (tumorigenicity). The pharmacology and HPLC determination of β-Estradiol…

DL-α-lipoic acid is a cyclic disulfide antioxidant that interconverts with its reduced dithiol form. It is an essential cofactor for decarboxylation reactions of the citric acid cycle, and acts as a general antioxidant.{12280,12281,12322} DL-α-lipoic acid can act as a direct radical…

A low molecular weight nonionic detergent that is commonly used for cell lysis and non-denaturing protein solubilization.

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator; an ER antagonist in breast tissue, effective in treating early breast cancer; an ER agonist in bone and blood vessels and a partial ER agonist in uterine tissues.

A metabolite of tryptophan that has pronounced effects on neuronal signaling; broadly antagonizes ionotopic glutamate receptors; has potent effects at glutamate receptor subunit ζ-1 (Ki = 5.4 µM), GPR35 (EC₅₀ = 39 µM), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (EC₅₀ = 300…

A synthetic antibiotic that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), with prominent selectivity for bacterial DHFR over mammalian DHFR (IC₅₀s = 5 and 30,000 nM, respectively); commonly used in combination with sulfamethoxazole to minimize acquired resistance.

An indoleamine neurohormone whose levels vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions in animals, plants, and microbes; acts as a powerful antioxidant that protects lipids, proteins, and DNA against oxidative damage.

A fluorogenic substrate of β-glucuronidase that upon cleavage yields a blue fluorescent end product that can be monitored by UV light; typically used in the GUS reporter system for fluorescent detection of β-glucuronidase gene expression in E. coli and transformed plants.

A non-ionic detergent commonly used to solubilize membrane-associated proteins; helps retain the native conformation and activity of membrane-associated proteins, and facilitates the reforming of these proteins after denaturation.

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A trace amine that activates TAAR1 (EC₅₀s = 0.08, 0.69, and 2.26 µM for rat, mouse, and human-rat chimera receptors, respectively); inhibits the release of norepinephrine and dopamine (IC₅₀s = 40.6 and 119 nM, respectively).

A dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel blocker that selectively inhibits calcium influx in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle; inhibits calcium-induced contractions in depolarized rat aorta (IC₅₀ = 1.9 nM), displaying a slow rate of association and dissociation in isolated vascular and…

A flavone that modulates xenobiotic metabolism; antagonizes AhR at nanomolar concentrations, although it agonizes AhR at higher concentrations (10 µM); inhibits CYP19, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 (IC₅₀s = 500, 60, 6, and 5 nM, respectively), whereas it activates CYP3A4 (Kd = 7.4 µM).

A tyrosine kinase inhibitor which acts on EGFR, inhibiting EGFR-associated kinase activity (IC50 = 2.5 µM) and tumor growth in human HN5 tumor xenografts in mice with an ED50 value of 9 mg/kg; drug form of Erlotinib, Tarceva™, is used to treat certain forms of cancer.

A muscarinic M1 and M2 mACh receptor agonist (pKB = 5 and 3.7, respectively) that is typically used as an animal model for temporal lobe epilepsy.

Induces protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator by triggering transcription of the lac operon in cloning procedures.

A natural flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties; inhibits HIF-1α expression in cancer cells; decreases pro-inflammatory gene expression and oxidative stress in ischemia/reperfusion injury.

An atypical, second generation antipsychotic compound that has effects at multiple receptors; antagonizes dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptors, serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT7 receptors, and α1A, α1B, and α2C adrenergic receptors.

An amino-amide anesthetic that binds to the intracellular portion of voltage-gated sodium channels and blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, preventing the generation of an action potential; inhibits the uptake of dopamine in striatal synaptosomes by 47% at 100 µM.

An orally active broad spectrum antifungal agent that blocks ergosterol biosynthesis by inhibiting the fungal CYP isoform CYP51; potently inhibits the mammalian analog CYP51A1 (IC₅₀ = 63.5 nM), as well as a variety of other CYP isoforms.

A long-acting ascorbic acid derivative that stimulates collagen expression and formation and is used in human cell culture; included in media to enhance the survival of human embryonic stem cells or drive osteogenic differentiation in human adipose stem cells and in human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells.

A triazole-containing plant growth retardant that is known to inhibit the biosynthesis of gibberellins.