Keystone essential fatty acid that is converted by COX, LO, and epoxygenase enzymes into more than 150 potent metabolites in species ranging from fungi to plants to mammals.

A β-lactam antibiotic in the cephalosporin class.

A non-protein amino acid that chelates iron and copper; inhibits certain enzymes that contain iron or copper, including arginase (IC₅₀ = 3.7 µM).

A cell-impermeable, negatively charged tetrazolium dye that produces a water-soluble formazan when reduced at the cell surface by cellular-derived NADH and an electron mediator.

A fluorogenic substrate of β-glucuronidase that upon cleavage yields a blue fluorescent end product that can be monitored by UV light; typically used in the GUS reporter system for fluorescent detection of β-glucuronidase gene expression in E. coli and transformed plants.

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A natural triterpenoid carboxylic acid that is known to have antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities; inhibits Na+/K+-ATPase activity (IC50 = 24.7 μM) and blocks NF-κB activation in various human cancer cells lines (10-100 μM), inhibiting cell…

A potent antagonist of the type III receptor tyrosine kinases PDGFRβ, FLT3, and c-Kit (IC₅₀ = 200, 220, and 170 nM, respectively); less potently inhibits CSF-1R (IC₅₀ = 3.4 µM) and does not significantly inhibit other tyrosine or serine/threonine kinases.

An anti-inflammatory steroid.

A water soluble, irreversible, broad spectrum inhibitor of serine proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, thrombin, and kallikreins; also inhibits NADPH oxidase.

A photoactivatable ribonucleoside analog that is widely used for RNA analysis, including short-range RNA-RNA crosslinking and nascent RNA labeling.

A calcium sensitizer that causes increased cardiac contractility by binding troponin C (EC₅₀ = 9 nM), promotes vasodilation by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels on vascular smooth muscle cells (EC₅₀ = 0.28 µM), and performs a cardioprotective function by…

The oxidized form of NADPH; serves as a cofactor in various biological reactions.

5-Bromotetralone is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A plant lectin that selectively cross-links cell-surface glycoproteins and affects the initiation of cell agglutination, mitogenesis, and apoptosis; widely used in affinity chromatography purifications of various glycoproteins and cellular structures; also used to induce liver injury in…

A cell-permeable substrate for aminopeptidase M and leucine aminopeptidase that was developed for intracellular analysis of protease activities.

An irreversible inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (Ki limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis, that induces oxidative stress in cells by depleting GSH; enhances the toxicity of various chemotherapeutic agents in drug-resistant tumors.

A secondary metabolite produced by some species of lichen that binds FAS-II enzymes to produce antibacterial and antiplasmodial effects; inhibits PfFabZ and PfFabI (IC₅₀ = 10.7 and 36.1 µM, respectively) but shows low efficacy against the malaria parasite P. berghei…

ALA is an essential fatty acid found in leafy green vegetables. ALA, as part of a low saturated fat diet, helps prevent cardiovascular disease. ALA decreases blood pressure, serum cholesterol levels, and platelet aggregation.

A reversible inhibitor of the H2S synthesizing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase; blocks H2S synthesis in rat liver preparations with an IC50 value of 6.5 µM.

A selective cholesterol transport inhibitor that targets the NPC1L1 (KDs = 12,000, 540, 40, and 220 nM for its glucuronide in mouse, rat, rhesus monkey, and human, respectively); blocks intestinal cholesterol absorption in various animal models (IC₅₀s = 0.0005-0.05 mg/kg).

A cytotoxic, quinoline alkaloid that inhibits the DNA enzyme topoisomerase I (Top I) by binding the Top1-DNA cleavage complex and inducing DNA-strand breaks; has strong anti-tumor activity and induces DNA damage at concentrations as low as 51 nM in whole cells and 12 nM in isolated nuclei in in…

A steroid hormone produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands that binds to both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors; also is the precursor to aldosterone synthesis.

An intermediate in the catabolism of aromatic amino acids; formed in excess during alkaptonuria.

An inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases that reduces hypermethylation associated with certain diseases, including myelodysplastic syndromes (IC50s = 2.4 and 2.6 μM for in vitro anti-myeloma activity) and cancer (IC50s ~ 0.4 μM for inhibiting proliferation of various cancer cell lines).

A semisynthetic analog of taxol that inhibits microtubule disassembly (IC50 = 0.2 μM) and inhibits cell replication (IC50 = 0.13 μM); has applications in breast cancer and hormone-refractory prostate cancer; intended for research applications.

EPA is an ω-3 fatty acid abundantly available in marine organisms. It is a poor substrate for COX-1. EPA has been shown to offer protection against coronary heart disease, thrombosis, ischemic brain injury, scaly dermatitis, and some inflammatory diseases.

A phospholipid containing the long-chain (14:0) myristic acid inserted at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions.

A natural alkaloid that acts as a selective and reversible α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist (Ki = 12 nM); also acts as a receptor antagonist at the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor (Ki = 14.3 nM).

A selective β-adrenoceptor agonist that shows high affinity for β1, β2, and β3 (Ki = 224, 458, and 1,570 nM, respectively); inhibits contractions in isolated field stimulated rat vas deferens at low concentrations (EC₅₀ = 45.6 nM); increases cAMP levels and can…

An oxidizing reagent that reacts with nitric oxide to form nitric dioxide and corresponding imino nitroxides.

A potent dopamine receptor agonist that binds the D2 receptor with highest affinity (Ki = 2.5 nM); avidly binds the serotonin receptors 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D (Ki = 12.9 and 10.7 nM, respectively), as well as α and β adrenoreceptors.