A natural bacterial product used, in certain formulations, as an oral antibiotic for fungal infections of the skin; alters microtubule dynamics, resulting in metaphase arrest.

An antibiotic which is used in molecular and cell biology to select for transformed cells expressing the hygromycin resistance gene; kills prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis.

An irreversible inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (Ki limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis, that induces oxidative stress in cells by depleting GSH; enhances the toxicity of various chemotherapeutic agents in drug-resistant tumors.

An SFA containing eleven carbons (C11:0) that is cytotoxic to certain filamentous fungi.

An agonist of α2 adrenergic receptors (Ki = 194 nM); used for sedation, anesthesia, and analgesia in non-human mammals.

A chromogenic substrate that, like other tetrazolium compounds, can be reduced to produce a colored formazan derivative; used in the “NBT test” to evaluate the activity of NADPH oxidase in phagocytes; paired with PCIB for the colorimetric detection of alkaline phosphatase activity.

A dual purpose probe; a chemiluminescent probe that detects superoxide production by enzymatic and cellular sources; a fluorescent chloride-sensitive indicator, with fluorescence being quenched by chloride (excitation: 455 nm; emission: 505 nm).

An indoleamine neurohormone whose levels vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions in animals, plants, and microbes; acts as a powerful antioxidant that protects lipids, proteins, and DNA against oxidative damage.

A triazole antifungal agent that is effective against most Candida strains.

Cathepsin K is a lysosomal cysteine protease found in osteoclasts whose elevated activity has been linked to the formation of osteoporosis and arthritis. 2-cyano-Pyrimidine is a cathepsin K inhibitor whose basic structure and derivatives are being studied for the treatment of osteoporosis.…

A natural plant sterol that can be isolated from certain seed oils and herbs, including those used for therapeutic purposes.

A natural product which effectively kills malarial parasites of the genus Plasmodium (IC50 = 4.0 nM); also used against a wide range of trematodes, including Schistosoma; has potential applications in certain types of cancer and inflammatory conditions.

A broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic used for parenteral administration.

Produced in fungi, including yeast, and invertebrates from ergosterol in response to ultraviolet radiation; metabolized first to 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and subsequently to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2.

A steroid hormone produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands that binds to both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors; also is the precursor to aldosterone synthesis.

A classical inhibitor of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, inhibiting NADH/DB oxidoreductase and NADH oxidase with IC₅₀ values of 28.8 and 5.1 nM, respectively; used in animal models of Parkinson’s disease.

A mixture of at least four closely related components, polymyxin B1 to B4, with polymyxin B1 and B2 being the two major components; demonstrates rapid in vitro bactericidal activity against major multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumonia.

An antimycotic prodrug that is converted by cytosine deaminase to 5-fluorouracil, a cytotoxic drug that inhibits viral infections and has cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.

An NSAID that non-selectively and reversibly inhibits both COX isoforms (IC₅₀ = 1.57 and 1.69 μM for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively).

A glucosamine-nitrosourea which is commonly used to induce experimental diabetes in animals; specifically targets beta cells, entering via the glucose transporter GLUT2 and causing alkylation of DNA, leading to the destruction of beta cells.

A fluorogenic substrate of β-glucuronidase that upon cleavage yields a blue fluorescent end product that can be monitored by UV light; typically used in the GUS reporter system for fluorescent detection of β-glucuronidase gene expression in E. coli and transformed plants.

A member of the 2-aryl propionic acid group of NSAIDs that reduces inflammation through inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 activation; decreases survival of prostate tumor cells by inducing p75NTR protein expression; inhibits the enzyme γ-secretase thereby preventing the formation of the…

An inhibitor of DPP-4 (IC₅₀ = 3.5-34 nM); also inhibits DPP-8 and DPP-9 (Ki = 810 and 95 nM, respectively) but not DPP-2 or FAPα; blocks the degradation of several circulating peptides, including incretins; reduces fasting and postprandial glucose levels and decreases inflammatory…

An aminoglycosidic antibiotic that is commonly used for the selection of genetically engineered cells neo neon toxic prokaryotic genes eukaryotic cells.

Urinary metabolite of leucine that is used as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of various acidemias and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation defects.

An inhibitor of human recombinant PDE5 (IC₅₀ = 5.9 µM); used to treat erectile dysfunction and has been shown to have anti-cancer and antioxidant activity; induces differentiation of cardiomyocytes and increases the proliferation and differentiation of cultured human osteoblasts.

A compound used to attach biotin to primary amines, such as lysines on the surface of proteins, under alkaline conditions (pH~8-9).

A polyene macrolide used in the treatment of infections caused by C. albicans, A. fumigatus, and parasitic L. protozoans, as well as in tissue culture to prevent fungi from contaminating cell cultures; binds with ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, altering membrane permeability and ultimately…

An alkaloid that irreversibly inhibits both human VMAT1 and VMAT2 (Ki = 34 and 12 nM, respectively); used to experimentally deplete monoamines in animals; also inhibits P-glycoprotein (IC₅₀ = 0.5 µM).

A coumarin antibiotic that inhibits the ATPase activity of DNA gyrase, permitting relaxation of negative supercoils; also generates positively supercoiled DNA.

An NSAID commonly used in animals to combat pain and inflammation, particularly as associated with osteoarthritis; inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 (IC₅₀s = 22.3 and 3.9 µM, respectively) and also FAAH (IC₅₀ = 74 µM).

A polysaccharide made of α-D-glucose units that constitutes about 20% of starch; acts as an indicator, turning blue in the presence of iodine, and has also been coupled to magnetic beads for the isolation and purification of maltose-binding protein fusion proteins.