An antibiotic which is used in molecular and cell biology to select for transformed cells expressing the hygromycin resistance gene; kills prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis.

An NSAID that non-selectively and reversibly inhibits both COX isoforms (IC₅₀ = 1.57 and 1.69 μM for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively).

A yellow breakdown product of heme catabolism, formed when heme is cleaved by heme oxygenase; has key roles as a free radical scavenger with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

An orally active broad spectrum antifungal agent that blocks ergosterol biosynthesis by inhibiting the fungal CYP isoform CYP51; potently inhibits the mammalian analog CYP51A1 (IC₅₀ = 63.5 nM), as well as a variety of other CYP isoforms.

A β-lactam antibiotic in the cephalosporin class.

An N-acetylglucosamine derivative that has been shown to promote hyaluronic acid production.

A fluorogenic substrate of β-glucuronidase that upon cleavage yields a blue fluorescent end product that can be monitored by UV light; typically used in the GUS reporter system for fluorescent detection of β-glucuronidase gene expression in E. coli and transformed plants.

A major metabolite of glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice that exhibits anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties; at 100 mg/kg/day, reduces lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant activity in diabetic rats; suppresses LPS-induced TNF-α production and…

A major organic tracer generated by burned cellulose; used to evaluate, in atmospheric samples, the burning of wood.

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

An aminoglycosidic antibiotic that is commonly used for the selection of genetically engineered cells neo neon toxic prokaryotic genes eukaryotic cells.

A natural product which effectively kills malarial parasites of the genus Plasmodium (IC50 = 4.0 nM); also used against a wide range of trematodes, including Schistosoma; has potential applications in certain types of cancer and inflammatory conditions.

A mixture of at least four closely related components, polymyxin B1 to B4, with polymyxin B1 and B2 being the two major components; demonstrates rapid in vitro bactericidal activity against major multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumonia.

An HDAC inhibitor of class I and class II HDACs at around 50 nM; arrests cell growth in a wide variety of transformed cells in culture at 2.5-5.0 µM.

A metabolite of vitamin A that acts as a ligand for both the RAR and the RXR.

A synthetic intermediate used in glycosylation reactions.

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator used as adjuvant therapy for estrogen-dependent breast cancer; increases ER activity in bone, uterus, and the cardiovasculature system as it decreases ER activity in breast tissues; metabolized by CYP450 enzymes to active metabolites; alters cholesterol…

An alkaloid that irreversibly inhibits both human VMAT1 and VMAT2 (Ki = 34 and 12 nM, respectively); used to experimentally deplete monoamines in animals; also inhibits P-glycoprotein (IC₅₀ = 0.5 µM).

A dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel blocker that selectively inhibits calcium influx in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle; inhibits calcium-induced contractions in depolarized rat aorta (IC₅₀ = 1.9 nM), displaying a slow rate of association and dissociation in isolated vascular and…

A classical inhibitor of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, inhibiting NADH/DB oxidoreductase and NADH oxidase with IC₅₀ values of 28.8 and 5.1 nM, respectively; used in animal models of Parkinson’s disease.

An agonist of α2 adrenergic receptors (Ki = 194 nM); used for sedation, anesthesia, and analgesia in non-human mammals.

A chemical chaperone that rescues the trafficking of misfolded proteins and weakly blocks HDAC activity (IC50 = 0.4 mM), leading to cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis of various tumors.

A synthetic cytokinin used as a media supplement to regulate growth in woody plant tissue cultures and micropropagations; concentrations below 1 µM promote axillary proliferation, whereas concentrations above 1 µM can stimulate the formation of callus, adventitious shoots, or somatic embryos.

A cell-permeable antagonist of IP3 receptors.

A lysosomal condensation product that selectively eliminates dipeptidyl peptidase I-expressing immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells.

A natural retinoid that associates with CRBP-I and CRBP-II (Kds = 50 and 90 nM, respectively), which are involved in the intracellular transport of retinol; an intermediate of the phototransduction pathway of photoreceptors; can form toxic conjugates with proteins and lipids, leading to…

Induces protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator by triggering transcription of the lac operon in cloning procedures.

A deoxyhexose monosaccharide found on N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipids that exists either as a terminal modification of glycan structures or serves as a point of attachment for adding other sugars; plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated…

A nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that, following triphosphorylation by thymidine kinase, potently blocks replication of HIV (EC₅₀ = 3 nM) with low cytotoxicity (CC50 > 5 μM).

A class III antiarrhythmic agent; inhibits KCNH2 with an IC₅₀ value of 1 µM; also inhibits CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro at low micromolar concentrations.

A dual purpose probe; a chemiluminescent probe that detects superoxide production by enzymatic and cellular sources; a fluorescent chloride-sensitive indicator, with fluorescence being quenched by chloride (excitation: 455 nm; emission: 505 nm).

A natural flavonol and potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory actions; activator of sirtuin 1, inhibitor of the spleen tyrosine kinase SYK, and suppressor of CD36 gene expression.