A flavone that modulates xenobiotic metabolism; antagonizes AhR at nanomolar concentrations, although it agonizes AhR at higher concentrations (10 µM); inhibits CYP19, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1 (IC₅₀s = 500, 60, 6, and 5 nM, respectively), whereas it activates CYP3A4 (Kd = 7.4 µM).

An analog of thalidomide that, at 10 μM, alters gene expression and cell viability in a range of cancer cell lines; induces proliferation and enhances the functional capacity of T-lymphocytes, amplifying co-stimulatory signaling pathways.

A glycopeptide antibiotic identified for its utility in the treatment of gram-positive bacteria, including penicillin-resistant staphylococci; binds to bacterial cell wall precursors, interfering with their synthesis.

A cyclic oligosaccharide containing seven D-(+)-glucopyranose units that is widely used to improve the aqueous solubility of various compounds, especially those containing a phenyl group.

An indoleamine neurohormone whose levels vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions in animals, plants, and microbes; acts as a powerful antioxidant that protects lipids, proteins, and DNA against oxidative damage.

An atypical antidepressant with diverse actions, most notably on the glutamatergic system; attenuates glutamate release and modulates the function of AMPAR; acts as an agonist of the µ-opioid receptor (EC₅₀s = 194 and 641 nM for human and mouse receptors, respectively).

A compound used to attach biotin to primary amines, such as lysines on the surface of proteins, under alkaline conditions (pH~8-9).

A natural plant sterol that can be isolated from certain seed oils and herbs, including those used for therapeutic purposes.

A natural flavonol and potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory actions; activator of sirtuin 1, inhibitor of the spleen tyrosine kinase SYK, and suppressor of CD36 gene expression.

A low molecular weight nonionic detergent that is commonly used for cell lysis and non-denaturing protein solubilization.

A major metabolite of glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice that exhibits anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties; at 100 mg/kg/day, reduces lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant activity in diabetic rats; suppresses LPS-induced TNF-α production and…

An N-acetylglucosamine derivative that has been shown to promote hyaluronic acid production.

A muscarinic M1 and M2 mACh receptor agonist (pKB = 5 and 3.7, respectively) that is typically used as an animal model for temporal lobe epilepsy.

Produced in fungi, including yeast, and invertebrates from ergosterol in response to ultraviolet radiation; metabolized first to 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and subsequently to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2.

A metabolite of tryptophan that has pronounced effects on neuronal signaling; broadly antagonizes ionotopic glutamate receptors; has potent effects at glutamate receptor subunit ζ-1 (Ki = 5.4 µM), GPR35 (EC₅₀ = 39 µM), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (EC₅₀ = 300…

An irreversible inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (Ki limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis, that induces oxidative stress in cells by depleting GSH; enhances the toxicity of various chemotherapeutic agents in drug-resistant tumors.

6-Bromoisoquinoline is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

An odorless, selective, and water-soluble reducing agent that is commonly used in many laboratory applications; commonly used to rapidly reduce protein and peptide disulfide bonds.

An inhibitor of protein synthesis in eukaryotes (IC₅₀ = 5-50 μM) that functions by interfering with translational elongation; can either induce or inhibit apoptosis depending on cell type.

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator; an ER antagonist in breast tissue, effective in treating early breast cancer; an ER agonist in bone and blood vessels and a partial ER agonist in uterine tissues.

A chemical chaperone that rescues the trafficking of misfolded proteins and weakly blocks HDAC activity (IC50 = 0.4 mM), leading to cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis of various tumors.

A dual purpose probe; a chemiluminescent probe that detects superoxide production by enzymatic and cellular sources; a fluorescent chloride-sensitive indicator, with fluorescence being quenched by chloride (excitation: 455 nm; emission: 505 nm).

A natural bacterial product used, in certain formulations, as an oral antibiotic for fungal infections of the skin; alters microtubule dynamics, resulting in metaphase arrest.

A natural alkaloid with antiviral properties, inhibiting the replication of hepatitis B alone and in combination with lamivudine; prevents fibrosis in a number of organs including liver, at least in part by interfering with TGF-β signaling.

A bacteriocin, a natural polycyclic antibacterial peptide, also called a lantibiotic; particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria and commonly used as a food preservative.

An orally active broad spectrum antifungal agent that blocks ergosterol biosynthesis by inhibiting the fungal CYP isoform CYP51; potently inhibits the mammalian analog CYP51A1 (IC₅₀ = 63.5 nM), as well as a variety of other CYP isoforms.

A biguanide derivative used to lower blood glucose concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; 50-400 mg/kg body weight inhibits complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory-chain and induces AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling in B6-Lepob/ob mice.

A third generation fluoroquinolone with antibacterial activity; inhibits type II topoisomerases (IC₅₀s = 8.06 and 9.81 µg/ml for DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, respectively).

A lysosomal condensation product that selectively eliminates dipeptidyl peptidase I-expressing immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells.

A natural polyamine that plays diverse roles in signal transduction and metabolism; involved in growth, development, and stress responses in plants.

A synthetic phosopholipid that can be used for liposome production in order to study the properties of lipid bilayers.

A non-ionic detergent commonly used to solubilize membrane-associated proteins; helps retain the native conformation and activity of membrane-associated proteins, and facilitates the reforming of these proteins after denaturation.