A fluorescent probe which stains dsRNA in living or fixed cells as well as in tissues; amenable to FC; maximum excitation is at 540-550 nm, with maximum emission at 560-580 nm.

A natural agonist of the human sweet taste receptor and used as a flavorant; has diverse cellular effects at low doses, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral actions.

Induces protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator by triggering transcription of the lac operon in cloning procedures.

A naturally occurring O-methylated phenolic acid that can be enzymatically degraded by some bacteria as a source of methane or methanol; inhibits aldose reductase (IC₅₀ = 213 µg/ml), proteasome activity, and cancer cell proliferation.

A mixture of proteolytic enzymes derived from the stem and fruit of pineapple plants; studied for a number of potential beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, fibrinolytic, and anti-cancer functions.

A trihydroxybenzoic acid that demonstrates antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH• and HO• (IC50s = 9.4 and 191 μM, respectively) and inhibiting microsomal lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 1.51 μM).

A central component of energy storage and metabolism in vivo, providing the metabolic energy to drive metabolic pumps and serving as a coenzyme in a wide array of enzymatic reactions; acts a substrate for kinases involved in cell signaling and of adenylate cyclases that produce the second messenger cAMP.

A broad-spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic that is active against gastrointestinal parasites (IC₅₀ = 0.30 µM against Giardia in vitro) by targeting tubulin; activates HIF-1α, abrogating oxidative stress-induced death in primary neurons in vitro.

A polypeptide antibiotic effective against Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae.

Produced in fungi, including yeast, and invertebrates from ergosterol in response to ultraviolet radiation; metabolized first to 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and subsequently to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2.

Urinary metabolite of leucine that is used as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of various acidemias and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation defects.

An aminocyclitol antibiotic active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and interfering with peptidyl tRNA translocation.

A natural form of vitamin A that is thermally more stable than retinol; can reduce cell proliferation and promote differentiation.

An NSAID that non-selectively and reversibly inhibits both COX isoforms (IC₅₀ = 1.57 and 1.69 μM for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively).

A first generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist (Ki = 2.6 nM) that also inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Ki = 22 nM); penetrates the CNS, depressing central H1 receptor activity, which may relate to its sedative properties.

An atypical, second generation antipsychotic compound that has effects at multiple receptors; antagonizes dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptors, serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT7 receptors, and α1A, α1B, and α2C adrenergic receptors.

A citrus-derived flavonoid that inhibits CYP3A4 activity in human liver microsomes (IC₅₀s = 139-188 μM); demonstrates antifibrotic, lipid lowering, and insulin-like properties.

A red/orange-colored fat-soluble terpenoid with antioxidant properties; can be cleaved to produce vitamin A and retinoic acid.

A low molecular weight nonionic detergent that is commonly used for cell lysis and non-denaturing protein solubilization.

A major metabolite of glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice that exhibits anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties; at 100 mg/kg/day, reduces lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant activity in diabetic rats; suppresses LPS-induced TNF-α production and…

An N-acetylglucosamine derivative that has been shown to promote hyaluronic acid production.

A long-acting ascorbic acid derivative that stimulates collagen expression and formation and is used in human cell culture; included in media to enhance the survival of human embryonic stem cells or drive osteogenic differentiation in human adipose stem cells and in human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells.

A cell-permeable, fluorescent dye that accumulates in acidic organelles in a pH-dependent manner and is used for autophagy detection and cell cycle determination; emits green fluorescence (ex. max: 502 nm; ,em. max: 525 nm) at neutral pH or when bound to dsDNA and red fluorescence (ex. max: 460 nm;…

A chemical chaperone that rescues the trafficking of misfolded proteins and weakly blocks HDAC activity (IC50 = 0.4 mM), leading to cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis of various tumors.

GSH is a tripeptide (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine) widely distributed in both plants and animals. GSH serves as a nucleophilic co-substrate to glutathione transferases in the detoxification of xenobiotics and is an essential electron donor to glutathione peroxidases in the reduction of…

A third generation fluoroquinolone with antibacterial activity; inhibits type II topoisomerases (IC₅₀s = 8.06 and 9.81 µg/ml for DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, respectively).

An agonist of α2 adrenergic receptors (Ki = 194 nM); used for sedation, anesthesia, and analgesia in non-human mammals.

A redox indicator used to detect cellular respiration; primarily reduced by Complex I in mitochondria and, under anaerobic conditions, is completely reduced to an insoluble red 1,3,5-triphenylformazan.

A broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic used for parenteral administration.

A non-selective blocker of voltage-dependent K+-channels (Kv channels) that has greatest potency at Kv1 and Kv3 family members (IC₅₀s = 290, 590, 195, 13, 29, and 100 µM for subunits 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.1, and 3.2, respectively); also blocks Kv2 and Kv4 subunits at millimolar concentrations.

A blue non-fluorescent dye that is used as an oxidation-reduction indicator in cell viability assays in a variety of cells; can be reduced to the highly red-fluorescent product resorufin (excitation: 530-540 nm; emission: 585-595 nm) and used as a quantifiable detection agent in enzyme activity or…

A cyclic oligosaccharide containing seven D-(+)-glucopyranose units that is widely used to improve the aqueous solubility of various compounds, especially those containing a phenyl group.