Ethidium bromide intercalates double-stranded DNA and RNA and acts as a frameshift mutagen. It can also be used in conjunction with acridine orange to differentiate between viable, apoptotic and necrotic cells. Ethidium bromide(EtBr) has been used extensively to reduce mitochondrial DNA copy…

Ruthenium tetroxide is very similar to Osmium tetroxide, and is used as a fixation/staining agent for electron microscopy. Ruthenium tetroxide offers excellent staining of saturated and unsaturated polymer materials as well as stabilizing thin sections under the bombardment of the electron…

Propidium iodide (PI) is a red-fluorescent cell viability dye which is excluded from live cells as it is impermeable to the cell membrane. The dye intercalates DNA and RNA of the dead cells to give red fluorescent signal as it can penetrate dead or damaged cells to give red fluorescent signal. The…