A potent inhibitor of actin incorporation into filaments; also increases the steady-state diffusion coefficients of filaments, suggesting that it stimulates filament shortening.

A mycotoxin first isolated from P. roqueforti that displays neurotoxic properties; activates a P-glycoprotein transport system involved in the efflux of xenobiotics and inhibits cytochrome P450 3A detoxification enzymes.

An ionophorous antibiotic that preferentially forms complexes with monovalent cations for lipid-soluble transport across membrane bilayers; active against Gram-positive bacteria such as Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus (MICs = 1-12.5 µg/ml), of P. falciparum and Coccicdium protozoa,…

Blocks lysosomal acidification through selective inhibition of the V-type ATPase (EC50 = 2.1-2.3 μM); blocks cell surface expression of viral glycoproteins without affecting their synthesis and, at 0.8 μM, prevents entry of influenza virus into cells.

A mycotoxin produced by Alternaria molds; induces cytochrome P450 1A1 expression and apoptosis in mouse hepatoma cells (20-40 μM).

An antitumor antibiotic that crosslinks double stranded DNA and is widely used as a tool to selectively inhibit DNA synthesis and mutagenensis, to stimulate genetic recombination, chromosome breakage and sister chromatid exchange, and to induce DNA repair.

A potent, trichothecene mycotoxin produced by certain Fusarium strains that is toxic to fungi, plants, animals, and various mammalian tissue cultures via inhibition de novo protein synthesis.

A selective EZH2 inhibitor (IC₅₀s = 0.24, 0.51, and 6.1 nM for wild-type EZH2, Y641N mutant EZH2, and wild-type EZH1, respectively); decreases cellular levels of H3K27me3, triggering cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in NHL cell lines (EC₅₀ = 70 nM) and NHL xenografts (200…

A membrane active peptide antibiotic of the peptaibol class that strongly induces helical peptide structures and forms voltage-gated ion channels in the lipid bilayers of cell membranes; often used to study ion channel assembly, voltage gating, and peptide-membrane interactions as well as to induce…

A cyclohexadepsipeptide that has been shown to induce apoptosis in several cancer lines (EC₅₀s ≤ 10 µM) and to decrease the activation of the cell proliferation kinase, ERK (p44/p42); inhibits the multi-drug resistance transporter Pdr5p from S. cerevisiae.

An antibiotic derived from S. hygroscopicus that acts as a potassium ionophore promoting K+/H+ exchange across mitochondrial membranes; used as a research tool to disrupt intracellular H+ and K+ concentration, thus altering pH, membrane potential, and cell volume.

A DNA-intercalating antitumor agent that forms covalent adducts in DNA after being enzymatically activated with CYP3A4, CYP1A1, or CYP1A2 or by peroxidases in target tissues; inhibits the proliferation of human breast adenocarcinoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and glioblastoma cells (IC₅₀s…

A mycotoxin that can have developmental, teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects in animals.

An immunosuppressive mycotoxin which inhibits 20S proteasomal chymotrypsin activity (IC50 = 10 μM), preventing activation of NF-κB; induces apoptosis in monocytes and dendritic cells and reduces phagocytosis by neutrophils; inhibits geranylgeranyltransferase I and farnesyltransferase (IC50…

A tumor-inhibiting antibiotic that inhibits the glutamine-dependent amidotransferases involved in nucleotide biosynthesis, N-formylglycineamidine ribotide synthetase and glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase; also inhibits the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which has been shown to protect against…

A non-ionic detergent used to solubilize membrane-bound proteins, to precipitate cholesterol, and to permeabilize cell membranes.

Alternariol is a mycotoxin initially produced by species of Alternaria. Alternariol produces a weak estrogenic response in vitro and increases production of estradiol and progesterone. Alternariol is also cytotoxic; in macrophages, it increases DNA base oxidations and strand breaks. Also in…

A cardenolide and aglycone constituent of digitoxin that elicits cardiac contraction and cardiotonic effects by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase; inhibits protein synthesis and has been examined for use as an antitumor compound.

A food contaminant produced by Aspergillus that is associated with toxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity in human and animal populations.

An analog in the enniatin complex; induces apoptosis in cancer cells (EC₅₀ = 5 µM in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells), decreasing the activation of ERK (p44/p42) and inhibiting TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation.