A trichothecene mycotoxin that can infect grain crops causing alimentary toxic aleukia in humans and animals; inhibits protein synthesis, disrupts membrane phospholipid metabolism, increases lipid peroxides in the liver, and is highly cytotoxic to macrophages (IC50 = 19.47 nM), altering the…

Differs from the major microcystin variant LR with the substitution of alanine in place of the arginine; inhibits both PP1C and PP2A with an IC50 value of 0.3 nM.

A mycotoxin produced by a variety of molds, including Aspergillus and Penicillium, commonly found in rotting apples; demonstrates an oral LD50 between 29 and 55 mg/kg body weight in rodents and 170 mg/kg body weight in poultry and has been shown to induce nephropathy and gastrointestinal tract…

A group A trichothecene mycotoxin derived by the metabolism of T-2 toxin.

One of four major analogs in the enniatin complex that has been shown to moderately inhibit ACAT activity in rat liver microsomes (IC₅₀ = 22 µM); demonstrates anthelmintic properties against N. brasiliensis, T. spiralis, and H. spumosa.

A potent marine-derived neurotoxin that reversibly inhibits the inward sodium current through NaV channels (IC₅₀s = 4.1 and 5.2 nM, respectively, in frog muscle and squid axon; Kd = 1.8 nM in rat brain), blocking nerve and muscle action potentials.

The dihydro derivative of Aflatoxin B1.

Actinomycin D is a polypeptide antibiotic produced from Streptomyces; it exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic activity but does not display antibacterial benefit. Actinomycin D is clinically used to treat various cancers and is one component of the VAC chemotherapy regimen. Actinomycin D binds DNA,…

A mycotoxin that inhibits RNA polymerase II and III but not RNA polymerase I or bacterial RNA polymerase, thus preventing mammalian protein synthesis.

A mycotoxin that selectively inhibits RNA polymerase II (1 µg/ml), preventing translocation of the enzymes on DNA; used in molecular biology to distinguish among types of RNA polymerase in a sample and to arrest RNA synthesis in transcription studies.

A fluorescent DNA dye that is commonly used for the detection or exclusion of non-viable cells in flow cytometric analysis; exhibits minimal spectral overlap with and can be used with PE and FITC; can also be used to evaluate apoptosis and cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and to stain DNA in cells that…

Antimycin A was initially produced by Streptomyces. Antimycin A binds cytochrome c reductase, inhibiting electron transport chain activity, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP synthesis. Antimycin A is used in research models to study mitochondrial respiration and superoxide production. Grade: ≥98%

A cell-permeable inhibitor of HIF-1-mediated gene transcription which acts by intercalating into DNA in a sequence-specific manner, blocking the binding of either HIF-1α or HIF-1β to the HRE; reversibly inhibits hypoxia-induced HIF-1 transcription activity in U215 cells with an EC50…

Naturally occuring mycotoxin and food contaminant that induces the transversion of G to T at codon 249 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and is a likely pathogen that causes hepatocellular carcinoma.

A natural oxidative metabolic product of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B2.

A potent marine-derived neurotoxin that reversibly inhibits the inward sodium current through NaV channels (IC₅₀s = 4.1 and 5.2 nM, respectively, in frog muscle and squid axon; Kd = 1.8 nM in rat brain), blocking nerve and muscle action potentials.

A specific inhibitor of N-linked glycoslylation that blocks the first step of glycoprotein synthesis and induces protein unfolding; impairs the function of several receptor tyrosine kinases, including EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, IGF-IR, and ALK; radiosensitizes glioma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells to…

An antibiotic which is used in molecular and cell biology to select for transformed cells expressing the hygromycin resistance gene; kills prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis.

A natural nitroaryl-substituted polyketide that exhibits antitumor, antifungal, and insecticidal activities; non-competitive inhibitor NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase of bovine heart, N. crassa, and E. coli (IC₅₀s = 0.07, 0.08, and 22 nmol/mg protein, respectively).

A mycotoxin produced by A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius, and P. verrucosum that is commonly found as a food contaminant (Tolerable Weekly Intake = 100 ng/kg body weight per day); triggers nephropathy, induces renal adenomas, and initiates skin tumors through events involving oxidative stress,…

An active, deacetylated metabolite of T-2 toxin; inhibits protein synthesis and cell proliferation in plants; causes acute and chronic toxic effects in animals that ingest contaminated plant materials.

A food contaminant produced by Aspergillus that is associated with toxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity in human and animal populations.

A selective, reversible inhibitor of V-ATPases in mammalian, plant, or fungal cells with an IC₅₀ value in the 4-400 nM range; at 100 nM, the related bafilomycin A1 blocks V-ATPase-mediated acidification of lysosomes during autophagy, preventing protein degradation.

A toxin that is used to study Gi/o-linked GPCR signaling in cells and EAE in animals; completely blocks the ability of AC to be inhibited by GPCRs that signal through Gi subunits.

A mycotoxin found as food contaminants that causes mycotoxic nephropathy in livestock and Balkan nephropathy and yellow rice fever in humans; induces apoptosis, blocks tubulin polymerization, and disrupts mitotic spindle assembly.

A selective, reversible inhibitor of V-ATPases in mammalian, plant, or fungal cells.

A natural oxidative metabolic of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1; produced from aflatoxin B1 in mammals and then secreted in milk.

A non-alkaloid toxin lignan that blocks tubulin polymerization, thus, inhibiting mitosis; used as a cathartic, purgative, antiviral agent, vesicant, antihelminthic and the starting material for the semi-synthesis of the anti-cancer drugs etoposide, teniposide, and etopophos.

A natural mycotoxin that binds filamentous actin (F-actin) and stabilizes actin fibers; commonly used to stain F-actin in cells when fluorescently labeled.

A natural product with antibiotic, antifungal, and antimalarial properties; binds and inhibits heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) with nanomolar affinity.

A pyrrolidine antibiotic produced by S. griseolus that inhibits protein and DNA synthesis and activates stress-activated protein kinase, MAPK, and other signal transduction pathways.

An antitumor antibiotic that inhibits DNA synthesis by promoting the selective cross-linking of both histone H3 and the heat shock protein, GRP78 to DNA when photoactivated by near-UV or visible light.