Cilostazol is a quinolone inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE 3B) that exhibits vasodilatory, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and pro-angiogenic activities. Cilostazol is clinically used to treat intermittent claudication associated with peripheral…

A potent anti-mitotic drug that is 100-fold more active than resveratrol at inhibiting the growth of human colon cancer Caco-2 cells; inhibits tubulin polymerization in a dose-dependent manner (IC₅₀ = 4 μM) and enzymes involved in the synthesis of the polyamines, putrescine, and spermidine.

A β-lactam antibiotic in the cephalosporin class.

A prodrug for mycophenolic acid, an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase; blocks de novo GTP generation as well as RNA and DNA synthesis; inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and activation; used to benefit organ transplantation as well as autoimmunological diseases like lupus.

An enzyme substrate for glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways; metabolized to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase during glycolysis; formed from phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-catalyzed oxaloacetate decarboxylation during gluconeogenesis.

A broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic used for parenteral administration.

A mixture of at least four closely related components, polymyxin B1 to B4, with polymyxin B1 and B2 being the two major components; demonstrates rapid in vitro bactericidal activity against major multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumonia.

2-Tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (2-BHA) is one component of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). This compound is commonly used as a food additive; it exhibits antioxidative activity. 2-BHA acts as a phase II enzyme inducer, increasing levels of glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase.

An isoflavonoid phytoestrogenic compound found in soybeans, pea pods, and other legumes; acts as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has chemopreventive effects on breast, prostate, and other endocrine-dependent tumors.

A major organic tracer generated by burned cellulose; used to evaluate, in atmospheric samples, the burning of wood.

An agonist of GPR81 (EC₅₀ = 16 µM) that is inactive against the related GPR109a (HCAR2) receptor; stimulates lipolysis (increased serum free fatty acids) in mice fed high fat chow for 10 weeks; blocks basal ghrelin secretion by primary gastric mucosal cells.

A muscarinic M1 and M2 mACh receptor agonist (pKB = 5 and 3.7, respectively) that is typically used as an animal model for temporal lobe epilepsy.

3-Pyrimidin-2-yl-Propionic Acid is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

An 18-carbon saturated fatty acid that is structurally similar to the phospholipid-derived N-acyl ethanolamines; inhibits heat-induced firing of nociceptive neurons in rat dorsal horn; induces transient calcium influx in native dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells and in the PTX-sensitive, DRG-like…

n-Triacontanol is a plant growth regulator found in the plant cuticle waxes and in beeswax as the palmitate ester. n-Triacontanol has been reported to have growth enhancing properties when applied to the leaves of growing plants.

Urinary metabolite of leucine that is used as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of various acidemias and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation defects.

Keystone essential fatty acid that is converted by COX, LO, and epoxygenase enzymes into more than 150 potent metabolites in species ranging from fungi to plants to mammals.

A broad-spectrum nitrofuran antibiotic used against urinary tract infections and as therapy for acute diarrhea of bacterial origin; inhibits the survival and migration of cancer cells, suppressing tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, at least in part by inhibiting STAT3 (IC₅₀ = 10 µM).

A cell-permeable, fluorescent probe for DNA that is useful as a marker of nuclei for cell cycle studies in combination with BrdU and to distinguish nuclear morphology in apoptotic cells.

5-Bromotetralone is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A dihydropyridine used as an antihypertensive agent due to its ability to block L-type and T-type calcium channels; also binds to adenosine A₁, A_2A, and A₃ receptors with K_i values of 8.96, 23.0, and 8.3 µM, respectively.

An elongation product of γ-linolenic acid (18:3), rapidly metabolized by fatty acid desaturases to produce arachidonic acid (20:4); metabolized through the cyclooxygenase pathway to produce 1-series prostaglandins; can reduce atopic dermatitis and atherosclerosis when added to the diet of mice.

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator; an ER antagonist in breast tissue, effective in treating early breast cancer; an ER agonist in bone and blood vessels and a partial ER agonist in uterine tissues.

An α-glucosidase inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 5.6 µM) that delays the absorption and digestion of dietary polysaccharides by reversibly inhibiting digestive enzymes such as maltase, isomaltase, and sucrase (IC₅₀s = 0.18, 5.2, and 0.37 µM, respectively).

A polyene macrolide used in the treatment of infections caused by C. albicans, A. fumigatus, and parasitic L. protozoans, as well as in tissue culture to prevent fungi from contaminating cell cultures; binds with ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, altering membrane permeability and ultimately…

A chromogenic substrate that, like other tetrazolium compounds, can be reduced to produce a colored formazan derivative; used in the “NBT test” to evaluate the activity of NADPH oxidase in phagocytes; paired with PCIB for the colorimetric detection of alkaline phosphatase activity.

The CysLTs, LTC4 and LTD4, are potent mediators of asthma and hypersensitivity. They induce bronchoconstriction, increase microvascular permeability, and are vasoconstrictors of coronary arteries. Their biological effects are transduced by a pair of GPCRs, CysLT1 and CysLT2. Montelukast (sodium…

A potent dopamine receptor agonist that binds the D2 receptor with highest affinity (Ki = 2.5 nM); avidly binds the serotonin receptors 5-HT1A and 5-HT1D (Ki = 12.9 and 10.7 nM, respectively), as well as α and β adrenoreceptors.

A natural flavonol and potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory actions; activator of sirtuin 1, inhibitor of the spleen tyrosine kinase SYK, and suppressor of CD36 gene expression.

An intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and galactose.

An acylated amino acid that is used as a urinary biomarker for several indications; increased urinary excretion is indicative of MCAD deficiency; can also be used as a biomarker for exposure to gamma radiation.

A metabolite of vitamin A that acts as a ligand for both the RAR and the RXR.