A major metabolite of glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice that exhibits anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties; at 100 mg/kg/day, reduces lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant activity in diabetic rats; suppresses LPS-induced TNF-α production and…

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A red/orange-colored fat-soluble terpenoid with antioxidant properties; can be cleaved to produce vitamin A and retinoic acid.

A polypeptide antibiotic effective against Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae.

A bacteriocin, a natural polycyclic antibacterial peptide, also called a lantibiotic; particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria and commonly used as a food preservative.

A natural flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties; inhibits HIF-1α expression in cancer cells; decreases pro-inflammatory gene expression and oxidative stress in ischemia/reperfusion injury.

A broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of 5-LO with an IC₅₀ value of 3.7-72 µM and 12-LO with an IC₅₀ value of 5.1-30 µM.

Produced in fungi, including yeast, and invertebrates from ergosterol in response to ultraviolet radiation; metabolized first to 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and subsequently to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2.

A pyrimadine analog that irreversibly inhibits thymidylate synthase, blocking the synthesis of thymidine which is required for DNA synthesis; widely used to treat many gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas.

A trihydroxybenzoic acid that demonstrates antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH• and HO• (IC50s = 9.4 and 191 μM, respectively) and inhibiting microsomal lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 1.51 μM).

A class III antiarrhythmic agent; inhibits KCNH2 with an IC₅₀ value of 1 µM; also inhibits CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro at low micromolar concentrations.

A naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class that stimulates cell elongation and division, promoting plant growth and development.

A cyclic oligosaccharide containing seven D-(+)-glucopyranose units that is widely used to improve the aqueous solubility of various compounds, especially those containing a phenyl group.

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agent; functions by inhibiting DNA A fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agent; functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase (a type II topoisomerase) and topoisomerase IV, the…

An N-acetylglucosamine derivative that has been shown to promote hyaluronic acid production.

A dye used to stain proteins for IEF and SDS-PAGE; fluoresces near infrared (absorption maximum: 624 nm).

A coumarin antibiotic that inhibits the ATPase activity of DNA gyrase, permitting relaxation of negative supercoils; also generates positively supercoiled DNA.

Urinary metabolite of leucine that is used as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of various acidemias and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation defects.

An agonist of α2 adrenergic receptors (Ki = 194 nM); used for sedation, anesthesia, and analgesia in non-human mammals.

A natural polyamine that plays diverse roles in signal transduction and metabolism; involved in growth, development, and stress responses in plants.

A natural agonist of the human sweet taste receptor and used as a flavorant; has diverse cellular effects at low doses, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral actions.

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator used as adjuvant therapy for estrogen-dependent breast cancer; increases ER activity in bone, uterus, and the cardiovasculature system as it decreases ER activity in breast tissues; metabolized by CYP450 enzymes to active metabolites; alters cholesterol…

A central nervous system modulator that is used to experimentally induce seizures in animals; used extensively to screen for compounds that block the production of nonconvulsive (absence or myoclonic) seizures.

A long-acting ascorbic acid derivative that stimulates collagen expression and formation and is used in human cell culture; included in media to enhance the survival of human embryonic stem cells or drive osteogenic differentiation in human adipose stem cells and in human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells.

A fluorescent probe which stains dsRNA in living or fixed cells as well as in tissues; amenable to FC; maximum excitation is at 540-550 nm, with maximum emission at 560-580 nm.

A chemical chaperone that rescues the trafficking of misfolded proteins and weakly blocks HDAC activity (IC50 = 0.4 mM), leading to cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis of various tumors.

Cathepsin K is a lysosomal cysteine protease found in osteoclasts whose elevated activity has been linked to the formation of osteoporosis and arthritis. 2-cyano-Pyrimidine is a cathepsin K inhibitor whose basic structure and derivatives are being studied for the treatment of osteoporosis.…

A cyclic diacyl hydrazide that exhibits chemiluminescence upon oxidation; HRP combined with H₂O₂ causes luminescent peroxidation of luminol; can also be oxidized, and chemiluminesce, by compounds containing iron, copper, gold, and cyanide.

A derivative of thiouracil which has long been used to correct hyperthyroidism; also used as a genetic marker for taste, since only some people detect it as a bitter taste.

An indoleamine neurohormone whose levels vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions in animals, plants, and microbes; acts as a powerful antioxidant that protects lipids, proteins, and DNA against oxidative damage.

A deoxyhexose monosaccharide found on N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipids that exists either as a terminal modification of glycan structures or serves as a point of attachment for adding other sugars; plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated…