A natural form of vitamin A that is thermally more stable than retinol; can reduce cell proliferation and promote differentiation.

A natural plant sterol that can be isolated from certain seed oils and herbs, including those used for therapeutic purposes.

A mixture of proteolytic enzymes derived from the stem and fruit of pineapple plants; studied for a number of potential beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, fibrinolytic, and anti-cancer functions.

An alcoholic β-glucoside derived from willow bark that produces anti-inflammatory (including analgesic and antipyretic) effects similar to that of aspirin by non-selectively inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 (IC₅₀s > 100 µM).

Adenine is a purine nucleotide base that is involved in the synthesis of RNA and DNA. Adenine also plays roles in cellular respiration as a component of ATP, NAD, and FAD. Grade: ≥98%

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) disodium is clinically used to inhibit reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction during percutaneous coronary intervention; it also improves left ventricular function in clinical settings. ATP itself is a coenzyme and unit of cellular energy. ATP is required for…

Cimetidine is an antihistamine that inhibits H2 histamine receptors, exhibiting antacid and anticancer chemotherapeutic activities. Cimetidine inhibits catalase activity and also acts as an antagonist at androgen receptors. Cimetidine increases the efficacy of chemotherapeutic compounds when…

A major metabolite of glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice that exhibits anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties; at 100 mg/kg/day, reduces lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant activity in diabetic rats; suppresses LPS-induced TNF-α production and…

A citrus-derived flavonoid that inhibits CYP3A4 activity in human liver microsomes (IC₅₀s = 139-188 μM); demonstrates antifibrotic, lipid lowering, and insulin-like properties.

An aminocyclitol antibiotic active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and interfering with peptidyl tRNA translocation.

A dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel antagonist that displays antihypertensive and antianginal activity; selectively inhibits adenosine A3 receptors (Ki = 3.25 µM) and CYP3A4 catalytic activity (IC₅₀ = 0.148 µM); activates TRPA1 channels, producing an increase in Ca2+…

GSH is a tripeptide (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine) widely distributed in both plants and animals. GSH serves as a nucleophilic co-substrate to glutathione transferases in the detoxification of xenobiotics and is an essential electron donor to glutathione peroxidases in the reduction of…

A flavonoid compound found in the bark and rinds of many plants and fruits.

A trihydroxybenzoic acid that demonstrates antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH• and HO• (IC50s = 9.4 and 191 μM, respectively) and inhibiting microsomal lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 1.51 μM).

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator; an ER antagonist in breast tissue, effective in treating early breast cancer; an ER agonist in bone and blood vessels and a partial ER agonist in uterine tissues.

A natural agonist of the human sweet taste receptor and used as a flavorant; has diverse cellular effects at low doses, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral actions.

A class III antiarrhythmic agent; inhibits KCNH2 with an IC₅₀ value of 1 µM; also inhibits CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro at low micromolar concentrations.

A broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic used for parenteral administration.

A cyclic oligosaccharide containing seven D-(+)-glucopyranose units that is widely used to improve the aqueous solubility of various compounds, especially those containing a phenyl group.

Induces protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator by triggering transcription of the lac operon in cloning procedures.

A potent antioxidant that inhibits the oxidation of cholesterol in LDL and HDL by impairing the translocation of ABCA1 from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane.

A coumarin antibiotic that inhibits the ATPase activity of DNA gyrase, permitting relaxation of negative supercoils; also generates positively supercoiled DNA.

Oleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid and is one of the major components of membrane phospholipids. Oleic acid contributes about 17% of the total fatty acids esterified to phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid class in porcine platelets. Oleic acid inhibits collagen-stimulated platelet…

DL-α-lipoic acid is a cyclic disulfide antioxidant that interconverts with its reduced dithiol form. It is an essential cofactor for decarboxylation reactions of the citric acid cycle, and acts as a general antioxidant.{12280,12281,12322} DL-α-lipoic acid can act as a direct radical…

A chemical chaperone that rescues the trafficking of misfolded proteins and weakly blocks HDAC activity (IC50 = 0.4 mM), leading to cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis of various tumors.

A naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class that stimulates cell elongation and division, promoting plant growth and development.

An antimycotic prodrug that is converted by cytosine deaminase to 5-fluorouracil, a cytotoxic drug that inhibits viral infections and has cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.

A mixture of trans (3R/7R and 3S/7S) isomers; induces the synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in plant leaves; in cancer cells, suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis; inhibits hexokinase that is bound to mitochondria; methyl jasmonate derivatives also have potential as anti-inflammatory agents.

A broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

A deoxyhexose monosaccharide found on N- and O-linked glycans and glycolipids that exists either as a terminal modification of glycan structures or serves as a point of attachment for adding other sugars; plays a role in A and B blood group antigen substructure determination, selectin-mediated…

A triazole antifungal agent that is effective against most Candida strains.

A bacteriocin, a natural polycyclic antibacterial peptide, also called a lantibiotic; particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria and commonly used as a food preservative.