A common 16-carbon saturated fatty acid that represents 10-20% of the normal human dietary fat intake.

L-Citrulline is a by product of NO formation from metabolism of L-arginine that exhibits tocolytic and antioxidative activities. L-Citrulline was originally found in watermelon. In isolated rat uteri, L-citrulline decreases uterine contractile force through stimulation of the NO-cGMP relaxant…

A non-selective blocker of voltage-dependent K+-channels (Kv channels) that has greatest potency at Kv1 and Kv3 family members (IC₅₀s = 290, 590, 195, 13, 29, and 100 µM for subunits 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.1, and 3.2, respectively); also blocks Kv2 and Kv4 subunits at millimolar concentrations.

Bromhexine is a synthetic derivative of vasicine that exhibits mucolytic and antioxidative activities. Bromhexine increases production of serous mucus, decreases mucus viscosity, and helps cilia transport mucus out of the lungs. Bromhexine is clinically used to treat respiratory disorders…

Caffeine is a well-known drug commonly used as a mild stimulant, found in dietary sources such as coffee, tea, and cocoa. A central nervous system stimulant believed to act through adenosine receptors and monoamine neurotransmitters. It is an adenosine receptor antagonist and adenosine…

A common C-12 saturated far plentiful in coconut and other nut oils.

A broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

A mixture of proteolytic enzymes derived from the stem and fruit of pineapple plants; studied for a number of potential beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, fibrinolytic, and anti-cancer functions.

A flavonoid compound found in the bark and rinds of many plants and fruits.

A benzoxazolone derivative that causes skeletal muscle relaxation and blocks spasticity in clinical studies; enhances KCa2.2 and KCa3.1 channels (EC₅₀s = 87 and 98 µM, respectively); urinary excretion of its 6-hydroxy metabolite is often used as a probe of CYP2E1 activity in…

A dye used to stain proteins for IEF and SDS-PAGE; fluoresces near infrared (absorption maximum: 624 nm).

A naturally occurring electron donor for eight different enzymes, including those related to collagen hydroxylation, carnitine synthesis (which aids in the generation of ATP), norepinephrine synthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and amidating peptides.

A metabolic precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood brain barrier; used to treat Parkinson’s disease and stroke damage.

Commonly used as a pH indicator, a color marker in agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and a dye to detect proteins and nucleic acids (absorbance at 610 nm), particularly when staining living tissues.

An analgesic and antipyretic compound; inhibits COX-2 activity by more than 80%, albeit at relatively high doses, while it is less effective against COX-1.

Aceclofenac is a diclofenac analog that exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that somewhat selectively inhibits COX-2; it is clinically used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.…

A non-selective, irreversible COX inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 0.75 and 1.25 mM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively.

An intermediate in the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid in many non-mammalian organisms, including bacteria and fungi; metabolized by a variety of enzymes in mammals, including N-acetyltransferases; may also be utilized by bacteria or fungi that are living in mammalian organisms.

A short chain fatty acid that inhibits HDACs, induces growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells, and suppresses inflammation by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

A natural form of vitamin A that is thermally more stable than retinol; can reduce cell proliferation and promote differentiation.

An alcoholic β-glucoside derived from willow bark that produces anti-inflammatory (including analgesic and antipyretic) effects similar to that of aspirin by non-selectively inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 (IC₅₀s > 100 µM).

D-myo-Inositol is a growth factor for animals as well as microorganisms. Myo-Inositol is the most abundant form of polyols that serves as a structural element of secondary messengers in eukaryotic cells. Inositol or cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol is a chemical compound, a sixfold alcohol (polyol) of…

A derivative of thiouracil which has long been used to correct hyperthyroidism; also used as a genetic marker for taste, since only some people detect it as a bitter taste.

An antibacterial antibiotic that acts by interfering directly with the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, which constitutes the major component of the bacterial cell wall, leading to structural instability and death of bacteria; used as a selective antibiotic for resistant bacteria.

A dihydroxybenzoic acid phenolic compound that demonstrates free radical scavenging capability (IC₅₀ = 16.3 μM) in a DPPH radical scavenging activity assay; possesses anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, neuroprotective, and anticancer activities.

A protein phosphatase inhibitor that acts as a phosphate group donor in matrix mineralization studies; 10 mM accelerates calcification of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells through an alkaline phosphatase-related mechanism.

An inhibitor of respiration in animals and bacteria; binds at the quinone reduction site of succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR; Complex II) in animals, preventing ubiquinone from binding; inhibits NADH fumarate reductase in bacteria; inhibits photosystem II in plants.

A precursor to Vitamin K2 that is capable of both redox cycling and arylating nucleophilic substrates by Michael addition; used as an antihemorrhagic agent and to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells.

Cholesterol is the principal sterol of the higher animals, found in all body tissues. It is the main constituent of gallstones and all biological membranes. Approximately 25% of total brain lipid is cholesterol. Cholesterol, followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol, is an organic chemical…

β-estradiol is a potent mammalian estrogenic hormone produced by the ovary. Triggers the production of gonadotropins leading to ovulation. β-Estradiol is used to study cell differentiation and transformations (tumorigenicity). The pharmacology and HPLC determination of β-Estradiol…

A dye that is commonly used in laboratories to stain or quantify proteins; typically gives blue bands on a clear background with a sensitivity of 50-100 ng/band; displays metachromasia by appearing pink-red, rather than blue, when binding certain proteins, such as collagen and histone H1.

Lecithin is the major membrane phospholipid in eukaryotic cells. In addition to being the major structural component of cellular membranes, it serves as a reservoir for several lipid messengers. It is the source of the bioactive lipids lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol,…