An inhibitor of fibrinolysis that blocks the interaction of plasmin with fibrin (IC₅₀ = 3.1 µM).

A triazole-containing plant growth retardant that is known to inhibit the biosynthesis of gibberellins.

A dihydroxybenzoic acid phenolic compound that demonstrates free radical scavenging capability (IC₅₀ = 16.3 μM) in a DPPH radical scavenging activity assay; possesses anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, neuroprotective, and anticancer activities.

β-estradiol is a potent mammalian estrogenic hormone produced by the ovary. Triggers the production of gonadotropins leading to ovulation. β-Estradiol is used to study cell differentiation and transformations (tumorigenicity). The pharmacology and HPLC determination of β-Estradiol…

Hydrocortisone, a primary glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. It has three times the anti-inflammatory potency of corticosterone but much lower Na2+ retention potency. Hydrocortisone, known more formally as cortisone (INN, USAN, BAN), is a steroid hormone, produced by the zona…

A short chain fatty acid that inhibits HDACs, induces growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells, and suppresses inflammation by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

A non-selective blocker of voltage-dependent K+-channels (Kv channels) that has greatest potency at Kv1 and Kv3 family members (IC₅₀s = 290, 590, 195, 13, 29, and 100 µM for subunits 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.1, and 3.2, respectively); also blocks Kv2 and Kv4 subunits at millimolar concentrations.

A metabolic precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood brain barrier; used to treat Parkinson’s disease and stroke damage.

Cholesterol is the principal sterol of the higher animals, found in all body tissues. It is the main constituent of gallstones and all biological membranes. Approximately 25% of total brain lipid is cholesterol. Cholesterol, followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol, is an organic chemical…

Guaiacol is a phenolic natural product first isolated from Guaiac resin and the oxidation of lignin. Guaiacol is readily oxidized by the heme iron of peroxidases including the peroxidase of COX enzymes. It can therefore serve as a reducing co-substrate for COX reactions. The one-electron oxidation…

A protein phosphatase inhibitor that acts as a phosphate group donor in matrix mineralization studies; 10 mM accelerates calcification of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells through an alkaline phosphatase-related mechanism.

A common 16-carbon saturated fatty acid that represents 10-20% of the normal human dietary fat intake.

A benzoxazolone derivative that causes skeletal muscle relaxation and blocks spasticity in clinical studies; enhances KCa2.2 and KCa3.1 channels (EC₅₀s = 87 and 98 µM, respectively); urinary excretion of its 6-hydroxy metabolite is often used as a probe of CYP2E1 activity in…

Aminoguanidine is equipotent to L-NMMA and L-NNA as an inhibitor of iNOS. The IC₅₀ values for inhibition of mouse iNOS and rat nNOS are 5.4 and 160 µM, respectively. Aminoguanidine also inhibits induction of iNOS protein expression by endotoxin in rat macrophages.

L-Citrulline is a by product of NO formation from metabolism of L-arginine that exhibits tocolytic and antioxidative activities. L-Citrulline was originally found in watermelon. In isolated rat uteri, L-citrulline decreases uterine contractile force through stimulation of the NO-cGMP relaxant…

A dye used to stain proteins for IEF and SDS-PAGE; fluoresces near infrared (absorption maximum: 624 nm).

A dye that is commonly used in laboratories to stain or quantify proteins; typically gives blue bands on a clear background with a sensitivity of 50-100 ng/band; displays metachromasia by appearing pink-red, rather than blue, when binding certain proteins, such as collagen and histone H1.

An intermediate in the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid in many non-mammalian organisms, including bacteria and fungi; metabolized by a variety of enzymes in mammals, including N-acetyltransferases; may also be utilized by bacteria or fungi that are living in mammalian organisms.

A common C-12 saturated far plentiful in coconut and other nut oils.

An analgesic and antipyretic compound; inhibits COX-2 activity by more than 80%, albeit at relatively high doses, while it is less effective against COX-1.

A derivative of thiouracil which has long been used to correct hyperthyroidism; also used as a genetic marker for taste, since only some people detect it as a bitter taste.

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is commonly used as a food and cosmetics additive; it exhibits antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. BHT may also display neuroprotective benefit, decreasing ethanol-induced brain damage and neurodegeneration and suppressing activation of NF-?B activation…

A naturally occurring electron donor for eight different enzymes, including those related to collagen hydroxylation, carnitine synthesis (which aids in the generation of ATP), norepinephrine synthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and amidating peptides.

A mixture of proteolytic enzymes derived from the stem and fruit of pineapple plants; studied for a number of potential beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, fibrinolytic, and anti-cancer functions.

A flavonoid compound found in the bark and rinds of many plants and fruits.

A precursor to Vitamin K2 that is capable of both redox cycling and arylating nucleophilic substrates by Michael addition; used as an antihemorrhagic agent and to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells.

Caffeine is a well-known drug commonly used as a mild stimulant, found in dietary sources such as coffee, tea, and cocoa. A central nervous system stimulant believed to act through adenosine receptors and monoamine neurotransmitters. It is an adenosine receptor antagonist and adenosine…

A broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

An inhibitor of respiration in animals and bacteria; binds at the quinone reduction site of succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR; Complex II) in animals, preventing ubiquinone from binding; inhibits NADH fumarate reductase in bacteria; inhibits photosystem II in plants.

An antibacterial antibiotic that acts by interfering directly with the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, which constitutes the major component of the bacterial cell wall, leading to structural instability and death of bacteria; used as a selective antibiotic for resistant bacteria.

Cholesterol is the principal sterol of the higher animals, found in all body tissues. It is the main constituent of gallstones and all biological membranes. Approximately 25% of total brain lipid is cholesterol. Cholesterol is suitable for use in liposome preparations.

Bromhexine is a synthetic derivative of vasicine that exhibits mucolytic and antioxidative activities. Bromhexine increases production of serous mucus, decreases mucus viscosity, and helps cilia transport mucus out of the lungs. Bromhexine is clinically used to treat respiratory disorders…