A naturally occurring electron donor for eight different enzymes, including those related to collagen hydroxylation, carnitine synthesis (which aids in the generation of ATP), norepinephrine synthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and amidating peptides.

A short chain fatty acid that inhibits HDACs, induces growth arrest, differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells, and suppresses inflammation by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

A benzoxazolone derivative that causes skeletal muscle relaxation and blocks spasticity in clinical studies; enhances KCa2.2 and KCa3.1 channels (EC₅₀s = 87 and 98 µM, respectively); urinary excretion of its 6-hydroxy metabolite is often used as a probe of CYP2E1 activity in…

A precursor to Vitamin K2 that is capable of both redox cycling and arylating nucleophilic substrates by Michael addition; used as an antihemorrhagic agent and to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells.

A common C-12 saturated far plentiful in coconut and other nut oils.

An analgesic and antipyretic compound; inhibits COX-2 activity by more than 80%, albeit at relatively high doses, while it is less effective against COX-1.

An intermediate in the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid in many non-mammalian organisms, including bacteria and fungi; metabolized by a variety of enzymes in mammals, including N-acetyltransferases; may also be utilized by bacteria or fungi that are living in mammalian organisms.

A sulfonamide antibiotic that is bacteriostatic against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by restricting the production of folic acid, which is essential for bacterial growth.

A salicylanilide compound with antihelminthic actions; specifically inhibits STAT3 (IC50 = 0.25 μM); inhibits the proliferation of Du145 prostate cancer cells, which have constitutively active STAT3 (IC50 = 0.7 μM).

An alkyl sulfonate that acts as an alkylating antineoplastic agent; forms both intra- and interstrand crosslinks on DNA, in addition to monoalkylation, primarily at guanine-N7, of DNA.

A degradation product of chlorophyll that is converted to phytanic acid, which can accumulate to toxic levels in a number of metabolic disorders; activates RXRs (Kis range from 2.3-67.2 µM) and promotes the activity of PPAR/RXR heterodimers.

A natural flavanone glycoside formed from naringenin and neohesperidose; undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver, giving rise to naringenin and other bioactive metabolites that have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.

A lipophilic electrophile that has profound effects on oxidative and immunological pathways; activates the transcription factor Nrf2, resulting in heme oxygenase-1 expression and increased glutathione levels; suppresses the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibits angiogenesis.

R-(−)-Mandelic Acid is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

An aminoquinoline antimalarial compound that is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor, preventing autophagosome fusion with lysosomes and inhibiting lysosomal acidification.

A precursor in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A.

A planar benzoic acid used as a non-immunoglobin protein scaffold for studies of protein-protein interactions; also has various industrial uses in synthesizing adhesive and coating materials, plastics engineering, and as a pharmaceutical intermediate.

A copper and zinc chelator and an irreversible inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase (IC₅₀ = 0.1 mM) that has been indicated for the treatment of alcohol dependence; targets the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, induces ROS, activates JNK and p38 pathways, and inhibits NF-κB activity in…