Immunization of mice with chicken egg albumin (ovalbumin/OVA) in a precipitate complex with aluminum hydroxide (alum) is a highly effective means of inducing a potent TH2-mediated immune response. OVA/alum immunized mice produce anti-OVA antibodies predominantly of the IgG1 and IgE isotypes that…

Immunization of mice with citrullinated human fibrinogen, especially mice expressing the human HLA-DR4 transgene, induces an arthritic response driven by the production of antibodies that recognize citrullinated epitopes. The polyclonal antibody response produces antibodies reactive with both…

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is produced by monocytes, macrophages, and T cells and is invovled in many defense mechanisms including the immune response, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and acute phase reactions. Cayman’s IL-6 (mouse) ELISA Kit is an immunometric (i.e., sandwich) ELISA that permits…

Immunoglobulin IgG provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens and plays a significant role in the pathology of auto-immune diseases. Most mouse monoclonal antibodies are of the IgG isotype. Because mice are widely used as a research model for studies of the immune…

Human therapeutic antibodies have become increasingly common components of early drug discovery and development portfolios in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. As part of preclinical toxicology assessment of these agents, they are routinely tested in non-human primates, primarily in rhesus…

Three known isoforms of SREBP transcription factors have been characterized: SREBP-1a, SREBP-1c, and SREBP-2. SREBP-1c acts primarily to activate genes required for fatty acid synthesis, such as acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and long chain fatty acid elongase. In addition, SREBP-1c…

Human therapeutic antibodies have become increasingly common components of early drug discovery and development portfolios in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. As part of preclinical toxicology assessment of these agents, they are routinely tested in non-human primates, primarily in rhesus…

PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the large superfamily of nuclear receptors. PPARα primarily activates genes encoding proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation, while PPARγ primarily activates genes directly involved in lipogenic pathway and insulin…

SREBP-2 is a transcription factor that performs a critical role in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and uptake including HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, and the LDL receptor.

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an experimental autoimmune disease that is widely used as a model of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the study of the pathogenic mechanisms of this disease and for testing potential therapeutics. Circulating levels of anti-type II collagen antibody are…

CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein) is a transcription factor that binds to cAMP-responsive element (CRE) promoter sites to regulate the transcription of numerous genes involved in metabolic regulation, depression, long term memory, and other physiological processes. Phosphorylation on…

PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the large superfamily of nuclear receptors. PPARα primarily activates genes encoding proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation, while PPARγ primarily activates genes directly involved in lipogenic pathway and insulin…

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mediates many immune and inflammatory responses including activation and differentiation of monocytes and macrophages, expression of MHC class I and II, and expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. Cayman’s TNF-α (mouse) ELISA…

Protein arginine deiminase 4 (peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4)), is a guanidino-modifying enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of specific arginine residues to citrulline in a calcium-dependent manner. PAD4 activity is increased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), producing citrulline-containing…

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is produced by multiple cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, and T cells and is involved in many defense mechanisms including the immune response, hematopoiesis, bone metabolism, and acute phase reactions. IL-6 promotes the proliferation of activated B-cells, acts as a…

PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the large superfamily of nuclear receptors. PPARα primarily activates genes encoding proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation, while PPARγ primarily activates genes directly involved in lipogenic pathway and insulin…

The NF-κB/Rel family of transcription factors is comprised of several structurally-related proteins that form homodimers and heterodimers and include p50/p105, p52/p100, RelA (p65), and c-Rel/NF-κB. Acting as dimers, these transcription factors bind to κB sites on DNA, thereby…

The NF-κB/Rel family of transcription factors is comprised of several structurally-related proteins that form homodimers and heterodimers and include p50/p105, p52/p100, RelA (p65), and c-Rel/NF-κB. Acting as dimers, these transcription factors bind to κB sites on DNA, thereby…

Oct4 is an essential regulator of embryonic stem cell pluripotency and used as a marker for undifferentiated cells. It also plays a role in gene expression, DNA repair and/or replication, signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Cayman’s Oct4 Transcription Factor Assay is a non-radioactive,…

The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a crucial role in coordinating cellular responses to genotoxic stress and holds many important clinical implications in the treatment of cancer. Cayman’s p53 Transcription Factor Assay is a non-radioactive, sensitive method for detecting specific…

Immunization of mice with chicken egg albumin (ovalbumin/OVA) in a precipitate complex with aluminum hydroxide (alum) is a highly effective means of inducing a potent TH2-mediated immune response. OVA/alum immunized mice produce anti-OVA antibodies predominantly of the IgG1 and IgE isotypes that…

Human therapeutic antibodies have become increasingly common components of early drug discovery and development portfolios in the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. As part of preclinical toxicology assessment of these agents, they are routinely tested in non-human primates, primarily in rhesus…

PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the large superfamily of nuclear receptors. PPARα primarily activates genes encoding proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation, while PPARγ primarily activates genes directly involved in lipogenic pathway and insulin…