A trihydroxybenzoic acid that demonstrates antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH• and HO• (IC50s = 9.4 and 191 μM, respectively) and inhibiting microsomal lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 1.51 μM).

Aminoguanidine is equipotent to L-NMMA and L-NNA as an inhibitor of iNOS. The IC₅₀ values for inhibition of mouse iNOS and rat nNOS are 5.4 and 160 µM, respectively. Aminoguanidine also inhibits induction of iNOS protein expression by endotoxin in rat macrophages.

Sephadex®; G-25 is a gel filtration medium used in affinity chromatography, protein chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Sephadex®; G-25 has been used to study the acceleration of diabetic wound healing and the treatment of epithelial damage.

A protein phosphatase inhibitor that acts as a phosphate group donor in matrix mineralization studies; 10 mM accelerates calcification of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells through an alkaline phosphatase-related mechanism.

A non-selective blocker of voltage-dependent K+-channels (Kv channels) that has greatest potency at Kv1 and Kv3 family members (IC₅₀s = 290, 590, 195, 13, 29, and 100 µM for subunits 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.1, and 3.2, respectively); also blocks Kv2 and Kv4 subunits at millimolar concentrations.

Commonly used as a pH indicator, a color marker in agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and a dye to detect proteins and nucleic acids (absorbance at 610 nm), particularly when staining living tissues.

An alcoholic β-glucoside derived from willow bark that produces anti-inflammatory (including analgesic and antipyretic) effects similar to that of aspirin by non-selectively inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2 (IC₅₀s > 100 µM).

A dye that is commonly used in laboratories to stain or quantify proteins; typically gives blue bands on a clear background with a sensitivity of 50-100 ng/band; displays metachromasia by appearing pink-red, rather than blue, when binding certain proteins, such as collagen and histone H1.

A natural flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties; inhibits HIF-1α expression in cancer cells; decreases pro-inflammatory gene expression and oxidative stress in ischemia/reperfusion injury.

A central component of energy storage and metabolism in vivo, providing the metabolic energy to drive metabolic pumps and serving as a coenzyme in a wide array of enzymatic reactions; acts a substrate for kinases involved in cell signaling and of adenylate cyclases that produce the second messenger cAMP.

A dye which stains proteins in gels with ease and sensitivity; used in the Bradford to quantify the amount of protein in a solution; selectively inhibits P2X7 (IC₅₀s = 10.1 nM and 265 nM for rat and human P2X7, respectively) and reduces neurological injury secondary to traumatic brain…

An inhibitor of respiration in animals and bacteria; binds at the quinone reduction site of succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR; Complex II) in animals, preventing ubiquinone from binding; inhibits NADH fumarate reductase in bacteria; inhibits photosystem II in plants.

Guaiacol is a phenolic natural product first isolated from Guaiac resin and the oxidation of lignin. Guaiacol is readily oxidized by the heme iron of peroxidases including the peroxidase of COX enzymes. It can therefore serve as a reducing co-substrate for COX reactions. The one-electron oxidation…

D-myo-Inositol is a growth factor for animals as well as microorganisms. Myo-Inositol is the most abundant form of polyols that serves as a structural element of secondary messengers in eukaryotic cells. Inositol or cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol is a chemical compound, a sixfold alcohol (polyol) of…

A first generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist (Ki = 2.6 nM) that also inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Ki = 22 nM); penetrates the CNS, depressing central H1 receptor activity, which may relate to its sedative properties.

A benzoxazolone derivative that causes skeletal muscle relaxation and blocks spasticity in clinical studies; enhances KCa2.2 and KCa3.1 channels (EC₅₀s = 87 and 98 µM, respectively); urinary excretion of its 6-hydroxy metabolite is often used as a probe of CYP2E1 activity in…

A derivative of thiouracil which has long been used to correct hyperthyroidism; also used as a genetic marker for taste, since only some people detect it as a bitter taste.

An an antimicrobial agent that is often used in antiseptics and dental products such as toothpaste and mouthwash; inhibits MMP-2, -8, and -9.

A dihydroxybenzoic acid phenolic compound that demonstrates free radical scavenging capability (IC₅₀ = 16.3 μM) in a DPPH radical scavenging activity assay; possesses anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, neuroprotective, and anticancer activities.

A long-acting ascorbic acid derivative that stimulates collagen expression and formation and is used in human cell culture; included in media to enhance the survival of human embryonic stem cells or drive osteogenic differentiation in human adipose stem cells and in human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells.

A precursor to Vitamin K2 that is capable of both redox cycling and arylating nucleophilic substrates by Michael addition; used as an antihemorrhagic agent and to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells.

A red/orange-colored fat-soluble terpenoid with antioxidant properties; can be cleaved to produce vitamin A and retinoic acid.

A cyclic diacyl hydrazide that exhibits chemiluminescence upon oxidation; HRP combined with H₂O₂ causes luminescent peroxidation of luminol; can also be oxidized, and chemiluminesce, by compounds containing iron, copper, gold, and cyanide.

A pyrimadine analog that irreversibly inhibits thymidylate synthase, blocking the synthesis of thymidine which is required for DNA synthesis; widely used to treat many gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas.

Ciprofloxacin is a second generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic that exhibits antibacterial activity against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, preventing DNA replication.

A broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

A common 16-carbon saturated fatty acid that represents 10-20% of the normal human dietary fat intake.

An antibacterial antibiotic that acts by interfering directly with the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, which constitutes the major component of the bacterial cell wall, leading to structural instability and death of bacteria; used as a selective antibiotic for resistant bacteria.

A metabolic precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood brain barrier; used to treat Parkinson’s disease and stroke damage.

A redox indicator used to detect cellular respiration; primarily reduced by Complex I in mitochondria and, under anaerobic conditions, is completely reduced to an insoluble red 1,3,5-triphenylformazan.

A natural agonist of the human sweet taste receptor and used as a flavorant; has diverse cellular effects at low doses, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral actions.