An odoriferous component of musk that has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines both in vitro and in vivo; also reported to be both cardioprotective and neuroprotective during conditions of ischemia and to promote proliferation and…

EPA is an ω-3 fatty acid abundantly available in marine organisms. Peroxide free EPA has been chromatographed under scrupulously oxygen free conditions to insure the removal of all contaminating fatty acid peroxides. The peroxide free EPA is protected from autoxidation by the antioxidant BHT…

Arachidonic acid is the keystone essential fatty acid at the origin of the arachidonic acid cascade. It is converted by cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and epoxygenase enzymes into more than one hundred fifty different potent primary autacoid metabolites in species ranging from fungi to plants to…

An unsaturated diacylglycerol with linoleic acid (18:2) side-chains attached at both the C-1 and C-3 positions that is useful for lipid research.

The stabilized ethyl ester form of DHA; dietary intake enhances maze-learning in mice; in rats it increases fatty acid oxidation enzymes and in humans with peroxisomal disorders it improves vision, liver function, and muscle tone; may directly modulate the actions of enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism.

A 15-carbon, long-chain fatty acid that contains an alkene functional group on the terminal carbon of its aliphatic tail.

The amide of the neurotransmitter dopamine and arachidonic acid; a CB1-selective agonist that induces hypothermia, analgesia, catalepsy, and hypomotility in rats; a full agonist at TRPV1, but inactive at the dopaminergic D1 and D2 receptors; a potent inhibitor (IC₅₀ = 0.25 µM) of…

Linoleic acid ethyl ester is a neutral, lipid-soluble form of linoleic acid.

Lauric acid ethyl ester is a more lipophilic and less toxic form of the free acid. It is one of the medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters that is released during the anaerobic fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae along with the free acid.

Myristic acid is a saturated fatty acid commonly found in animal and vegetable fats that is frequently used in cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, and flavorings. It increases LDL cholesterol making it one of the most hypercholesterolemic of the saturated fatty acids. Myristic acid ethyl ester is a more…

γ-Linolenic acid is an ω-6 fatty acid which can be elongated to arachidonic acid for endogenous eicosanoid synthesis. It is a weak LTB4 receptor antagonist, inhibiting [3H]-LTB4 binding to porcine neutrophil membranes with a Ki of 1 µM. γ-Linolenic acid produces 53%…

Arachidonic acid ethyl ester is a more lipophilic form of arachidonic acid that can be incorporated into dietary regimens or fed to cultured cells as a source of exogenous arachidonate. It is one of the fatty acid ethyl esters that increase cytosolic Ca2+ concentration leading to pancreatic acinar…

PUFAs are essential nutrients that show distinct deficiency syndromes when not present in adequate amounts in the diet. Methyl GLA is an esterified version of the free acid which is less water soluble but more amenable for the formulation of GLA-containing diets and dietary supplements. GLA is an…

Produced endogenously via oxidation of AEA, or by transacylation of arachidonoyl CoA; has analgesic activities in whole animal experiments, yet is a very poor ligand for the CB1 receptor.

An endocannabinoid containing α-linolenic acid in place of the arachidonate moiety of AEA; detected in porcine brain, but its specific role and relative importance as a cannabinergic neurotransmitter have not been elucidated.

A naturally occurring PUFA formed through a 2-carbon chain elongation of arachidonic acid; present in the adrenal glands, brain, testis, and kidney.

A more hydrophobic form of the free acid, a cytotoxic component from the fruit extract of S. repens.

LAEE is a neutral, more lipophilic form of the free acid that can be used as an exogenous source of α-linolenic acid (ALA). This ethanol metabolite may contribute to ethanol-induced hepatic fibrogenesis through stimulation of intracellular signaling pathways in hepatic stellate cells (HSC).…

The trans isomer of the 16:1 fatty acid palmitoleic acid.

An esterified version of GLA which is less water soluble but more amenable for the formulation of GLA-containing diets.

A selective inhibitor of AEA uptake that is resistant to FAAH hydrolysis; is the structurally "reversed" isomer of AM404; blocks the uptake of tritiated AEA with an EC50 value of about 1.5 µM in mouse cortical neurons.

Pinolenic acid is a PUFA found in Korean pine (Pinus orientalis) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) seed oils. Both oils have been found to have lipid-lowering properties. A diet containing maritime pine seed oil (MPSO) lowered HDL and ApoA1 levels in transgenic mice expressing human ApoA1. MPSO…

A polyunsaturated triacylglycerol with arachidonoyl (20:4) side-chains attached at the C-1, C-2, and C-3 positions that is useful in lipid research.

A selective, irreversible propargylamine inhibitor of MAO-B (IC₅₀s = 4.43 and 412 nM for MAO-B and MAO-A, respectively) that has been used to increase the availability of dopamine at striatal receptors as a strategy to treat Parkinson’s disease.

A cationic lipid containing the unsaturated long-chain (18:1) oleic acid inserted at both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions; used in the composition of lipospomes formulated as SNALPs.

A polyunsaturated triacylglycerol with α-linolenoyl (18:3) side-chains attached at the C-1, C-2, and C-3 positions that is useful in lipid research.

Consists of docosahexaenoic acid, an ω-3 PUFA, with glycine attached at its carboxy terminus.

A 2-AG analog with increased stability; approximately a log less potent as a CB1 receptor agonist than 2-AG.

A stabilized ethyl ester form of this ω-3 C20:5 PUFA; dietary EPA ethyl ester in rats increases fatty acid β-oxidation enzyme levels, down-regulates lipogenic genes, and decreases plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels; blocks induced insulin resistance and corrects changes in…

Double bond isomer of trans-resveratrol, the more often studied and naturally abundant of the two resveratrol isomers; exhibits antioxidant activity in the micromolar range similar to that observed with trans-resveratrol.

An endocannabinoid that contains linoleate in place of the arachidonate moiety of AEA; has been detected in porcine brain and murine peritoneal macrophages and has weak affinity for the CB1 and CB2 receptors (Kis =10 µM and 25 µM, respectively); 4-fold less potent than AEA at causing…

FK-506 is a potent immunosuppressant that forms a high affinity complex (Ki = 0.2 nM) with FK-506 binding protein 12 (FKBP12). This complex inhibits the activity of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin, leading to disruption of T-cell activation. SLF is a cell-permeable…