A cell-permeable, water-soluble derivative of vitamin E with potent antioxidant properties; commonly used as a standard or positive control in antioxidant assays.

A chromogenic substrate that, like other tetrazolium compounds, can be reduced to produce a colored formazan derivative; used in the “NBT test” to evaluate the activity of NADPH oxidase in phagocytes; paired with PCIB for the colorimetric detection of alkaline phosphatase activity.

An NSAID commonly used in animals to combat pain and inflammation, particularly as associated with osteoarthritis; inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 (IC₅₀s = 22.3 and 3.9 µM, respectively) and also FAAH (IC₅₀ = 74 µM).

Capsaicin is the primary active component of the heat and pain-eliciting lipid-soluble fraction of the Capsicum pepper. Capsaicin is present in natural hot pepper extracts along with a number of impurities, including dihydrocapsaicin and several lesser impurities. Separation by HPLC is required in…

An endogenous hydrophilic bile acid that interferes with the transport activity of the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide with an IC₅₀ value of 3.6 μM; also inhibits liver cell death by interrupting the classic pathways of apoptosis.

A natural alkaloid with antiviral properties, inhibiting the replication of hepatitis B alone and in combination with lamivudine; prevents fibrosis in a number of organs including liver, at least in part by interfering with TGF-β signaling.

CAY10512 is a substituted trans-stilbene analog of resveratrol that is 100-fold more potent as measured by antioxidant activity. The IC50 value for inhibition of TNFα-induced activation of NF-κB by CAY10512 is 0.15 µM compared to 20 µM by resveratrol.

A broad-spectrum nitrofuran antibiotic used against urinary tract infections and as therapy for acute diarrhea of bacterial origin; inhibits the survival and migration of cancer cells, suppressing tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, at least in part by inhibiting STAT3 (IC₅₀ = 10 µM).

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that displays broad spectrum antibacterial activity by inhibiting the bacterial regulatory enzyme DNA gyrase (IC₅₀ = 0.92 µg/ml) as well as topoisomerase IV (IC₅₀ = 1.62 µg/ml).

A COX-2-selective NSAID (IC₅₀s = 11.8 and 143 μM for COX-2 and COX-1, in vitro); inhibits acute exudation and leukocyte migration as well as prevents bone and cartilage destruction in adjuvant arthritis animals models.

A non-selective α-adrenergic receptor antagonist with pKi values of 8.5, 9, and 8.4 for human α1A, α1B, and α1D adrenoceptors, respectively; used to relax smooth muscles of the prostate in clinical studies designed to examine treatments that improve lower urinary tract…

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator used as adjuvant therapy for estrogen-dependent breast cancer; increases ER activity in bone, uterus, and the cardiovasculature system as it decreases ER activity in breast tissues; metabolized by CYP450 enzymes to active metabolites; alters cholesterol…

5-Bromotetralone is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

An aminoglycoside antibiotic that shows potent activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria.

A metabolite of tryptophan derived from dietary protein that can accumulate to toxic levels in instances of uremia; 250 µM can induce the activation of NF-κB, promoting the expression of both TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression in proximal tubular cells of rats, which is associated with…

An essential fatty acid and the most abundant ω-3 fatty acid in neural tissues, especially in the retina and brain; constitutes as much as 40% of the total PUFA pool in retinal and neuronal membranes; dietary supplementation via fish oil inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis and delays…

Cathepsin K is a lysosomal cysteine protease found in osteoclasts whose elevated activity has been linked to the formation of osteoporosis and arthritis. 2-cyano-Pyrimidine is a cathepsin K inhibitor whose basic structure and derivatives are being studied for the treatment of osteoporosis.…

A tyrosine kinase inhibitor which acts on EGFR, inhibiting EGFR-associated kinase activity (IC50 = 2.5 µM) and tumor growth in human HN5 tumor xenografts in mice with an ED50 value of 9 mg/kg; drug form of Erlotinib, Tarceva™, is used to treat certain forms of cancer.

An intermediate in the interconversion of glucose and galactose.

An intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism; phosphorylated by triose kinase to produce D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, an intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis, and other metabolic pathways.

A steroid hormone produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands that binds to both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors; also is the precursor to aldosterone synthesis.

Protects the heart from transient ischemia; inhibits late sodium and potassium currents (IC₅₀s = 3.9-16.6 µM for both) and blocks ligand binding to α1, β1, and β2 adrenergic receptors (Kis = 0.5-19.5 µM for all); inhibits fatty acid β-oxidation,…

A naturally-occurring dimethyl ether analog of resveratrol; acts as a powerful antioxidant, suppresses the synthesis of PGE2 from LPS-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (IC₅₀ = 1.0 μM), and inhibits cell proliferation (IC₅₀ = ~60 μM); evokes effects that…

A benzopyrene derivative that is activated by hepatic cytosol into electrophilic sulfuric acid esters, which are capable of forming covalent DNA adducts and inducing mutations.

A dual purpose probe; a chemiluminescent probe that detects superoxide production by enzymatic and cellular sources; a fluorescent chloride-sensitive indicator, with fluorescence being quenched by chloride (excitation: 455 nm; emission: 505 nm).

A cell-permeable, stable free radical that is commonly used to evaluate the ability of compounds to act as free radical scavengers or hydrogen donors and to measure the antioxidant activity of tissue extracts; followed by color change from purple (absorbance at 515-528 nm) to yellow.

A triazole antifungal agent that is effective against most Candida strains.

A very long chain fatty acid (24:1n-9) enriched in nervous tissue and particularly abundant in sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelin; poorly produced in demyelinating disorders, including multiple sclerosis and adrenoleukodystrophy; binds and inhibits DNA polymerase β (Ki = 4.0 uM) and HIV-1…

The major estrogen secreted by the premenopausal ovary.

A low molecular weight nonionic detergent that is commonly used for cell lysis and non-denaturing protein solubilization.

An antimycotic prodrug that is converted by cytosine deaminase to 5-fluorouracil, a cytotoxic drug that inhibits viral infections and has cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.

Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid and one of the most abundant PUFAs in the western diet. Deficiencies in linoleic acid are linked to defective wound healing, growth retardation, and dermatitis. Linoleic acid is metabolized by 15-LO in both plants and animals to form 9- and 13-HODE.