Ampicillin is a ß-lactam antibiotic that displays antibacterial efficacy against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Ampicillin inhibits transpeptidase, preventing bacterial cell wall formation.

Canthaxanthin is a carotenoid terpene pigment initially found in various sources including plants and fish. Canthaxanthin exhibits immunostimulatory, antioxidative, and chemopreventive activities; it does not display any vitamin A activity. In vivo, canthaxanthin increases cell-mediated and humoral…

Borrelidin is a macrolide antibiotic initially produced by Streptomyces. Borrelidin exhibits anti-parasitic, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-angiogenic activities. This compound inhibits threonyl-tRNA synthetase/ligase, inhibiting growth and survival of Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, and Phytophthora.…

Chenodeoxycholic acid is an endogenous bile acid synthesized by the liver; it acts as an agonist at the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Chenodeoxycholic acid exhibits anticancer and gastrointestinal motility modulating activities. This compound treats chronic constipation and displays protective…

Amyloid-ß (Aß) is a peptide cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that is often used as a biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease. Misfolded Aß oligomers instigate conformation changes in other, normally folded Aß oligomers, increasing the number of misfolded proteins and eventually forming…

Cisplatin is a platinum-based cross-linking agent that exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic activity. Cisplatin induces crosslinks between guanine bases on DNA; it is clinically used to treat various forms of cancer. In lung cancer cells, cisplatin decreases phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and FOXO3a…

Dihydroartemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone that can be derived from Artemisia. Dihydroartemisinin exhibits anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthma, and anti-parasitic activities. Artemisinins such as dihydroartemisinin are best known for their antimalarial activity.…

Carvedilol phosphate is a cardioprotective a1- and ß1/2-adrenergic receptor inhibitor used to treat congestive heart failure; its inhibitory action at adrenergic receptors slows heart rhythm, decreasing force, pressure, and cardiac workload. Carvedilol phosphate also inhibits release of…

Captopril is the first angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor marketed; it is clinically used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF), and diabetic nephropathy. Captopril exhibits antihypertensive, anti-metastatic, and anticancer chemotherapeutic activities. In animal models of…

Aminopterin is a folic acid analog and derivative of pterin; it is very similar to methotrexate in structure. Aminopterin exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive activities. Like other folic acid analogs, aminopterin inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, depleting nucleotide pools…

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins found in foods and livestock feeds that were initially produced by species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxin G1 is cytotoxic; it inhibits DNA synthesis and induces cell cycle arrest.

Betamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist that exhibits anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anti-ulcerative activities. Betamethasone is clinically used to treat skin irritations such as psoriasis and to accelerate preterm fetal lung development.

Bromosporine is an inhibitor of BET bromodomains (BRDs) BRD2, BRD4, BRD9, and CECR2; it may exhibit anticancer potential.

Afatanib is an anticancer chemotherapeutic compound that has been approved to treat advanced lung cancers such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is in clinical trials as a potential treatment for other advanced solid tumors such as breast cance

Carbadox is an antibiotic compound used to treat livestock; it exhibits antibacterial activity against Lawsonia and Treponema. Carbadox is also used as a growth promoter and may be mutagenic.

Carmofur is a pyrimidine analog and derivative of fluorouracil; it exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic and anti-metastatic activities. Carmofur inhibits thymidylate synthase and acid ceramidase, preventing DNA replication. This compound is clinically used to treat curatively resected colon cancer…

L-Ascorbic acid is a vitamin C compound that can be found in many food and plant sources. L-Ascorbic acid exhibits antioxidative benefit and reducing activity; in vitro, it can act as a prolyl hydroxylase cofactor. Grade; ≥98%

Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic that exhibits antihypertensive and antiviral activities. Amiloride inhibits epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs), acid-sensing ion channels, and Na+/H+ antiporters. Amiloride prevents Na+ reabsorption in the kidney, increasing excretion of Na+ and water; it is…

4-Bromoflavone displays antioxidative and chemopreventive activities. 4-Bromoflavone activates Nrf2-Keap1-ARE complex signaling and also induces quinone reductase and other phase II enzymes. Additionally, this compound prevents the development of mammary tumors, increasing tumor latency in vivo.

Angiotensin I (AT I) is a peptide cleavage product of angiotensin and serves no primary biological purpose other than to function as a precursor to angiotensin II.

Carbenoxolone is a synthetic derivative of glycyrrhizin that exhibits anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, neuromodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-hyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, and immunosuppressive activities. Carbenoxolone is clinically used to treat ulcers and inflammation; it inhibits…

Chrysin is a flavone/flavonoid initially found in Passiflora, Oroxylum, and Pleurotis; it is also a byproduct found in propolis. Chrysin exhibits anti-estrogenic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, neuroprotective, cognition enhancing, antioxidative, anti-metastatic, anticancer chemotherapeutic, and…

AZT is a thymidine nucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and is clinically used to treat HIV/AIDS. AZT inhibits viral DNA synthesis, preventing viral replication; at high doses, it may inhibit DNA polymerase. Use of AZT is often limited

Cimetidine is an antihistamine that inhibits H2 histamine receptors, exhibiting antacid and anticancer chemotherapeutic activities. Cimetidine inhibits catalase activity and also acts as an antagonist at androgen receptors. Cimetidine increases the efficacy of chemotherapeutic compounds when…

This peptide is an epitope of carcinoembryonic antigen and is recognized by T cells in the immune system; it may have potential in the development of vaccines or targeting therapies. This analog differs slightly from the original peptide, with a N610D Grade: ≥95%

Cafestol is a diterpene found in brewed, unfiltered coffee that exhibits anti-angiogenic, anticancer, chemopreventive, neuromodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and hyperlipidemic activities. Cafestol inhibits proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro, potentially through decreasing…

Aristolochic acid A is a carcinogenic compound found in Aristolochia and Radix that has commonly been used in traditional Chinese medicine. This compound inhibits phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and decreases GABA-induced release of arachidonic acid and phosphatidylcholine as well as exocytosis in vitro.

Alloxan is an oxygenated pyrimidine and toxic analog of glucose. Alloxan destroys ß cells and is used in research models to induce diabetes. This compound does not affect human cells.

ß-Carotene is a red-orange terpene pigment originally found in various plants and fruits; it is a prodrug for vitamin A. ß-Carotene exhibits antioxidative, cytoprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-obesity activities. ß-Carotene is used in research models to…

Ceftiofur is a third generation β-lactam antibacterial used in livestock. Like other similar antibiotics, ceftiofur inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell walls by inhibiting penicillin binding proteins. Ceftiofur also displays anti-inflammatory activity. In vivo, this compound decreases…

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins found in foods and livestock feeds that were initially produced by species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxin M1 is the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1; it inhibits DNA synthesis and induces cell cycle arrest.

This compound may exhibit anti-angiogenic and anticancer benefit through the potential inhibition of VEGFR2 (Flk-1), Met, RET, Axl, Ron, PDGFR, FGFR1 (Flg), and FMS-related tyrosine kinases 1, 3, and 4 (FLT1/3/4).