A major metabolite of glycyrrhizin, a constituent of licorice that exhibits anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties; at 100 mg/kg/day, reduces lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant activity in diabetic rats; suppresses LPS-induced TNF-α production and…

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

Melatonin is a hormone of the pineal gland. Hormone; mediates photoperiodicity in mammals; inhibits cerebellar nitric oxide synthetase; peroxynitrite scavenger. Melatonin has complex effects on apoptotic pathways, inhibiting apoptosis in immune cells and neurons but enhancing apoptotic cell…

A mixture of at least four closely related components, polymyxin B1 to B4, with polymyxin B1 and B2 being the two major components; demonstrates rapid in vitro bactericidal activity against major multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumonia.

A red/orange-colored fat-soluble terpenoid with antioxidant properties; can be cleaved to produce vitamin A and retinoic acid.

Cimetidine is an antihistamine that inhibits H2 histamine receptors, exhibiting antacid and anticancer chemotherapeutic activities. Cimetidine inhibits catalase activity and also acts as an antagonist at androgen receptors. Cimetidine increases the efficacy of chemotherapeutic compounds when…

A cell-permeable antagonist of IP3 receptors.

A polypeptide antibiotic effective against Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae.

A bacteriocin, a natural polycyclic antibacterial peptide, also called a lantibiotic; particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria and commonly used as a food preservative.

A cell-permeable, chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase used in histochemical and molecular biology applications, including detection of lacZ activity in cells and tissues.

A natural flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties; inhibits HIF-1α expression in cancer cells; decreases pro-inflammatory gene expression and oxidative stress in ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of 5-LO with an IC₅₀ value of 3.7-72 µM and 12-LO with an IC₅₀ value of 5.1-30 µM.

Produced in fungi, including yeast, and invertebrates from ergosterol in response to ultraviolet radiation; metabolized first to 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and subsequently to the active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) disodium is clinically used to inhibit reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction during percutaneous coronary intervention; it also improves left ventricular function in clinical settings. ATP itself is a coenzyme and unit of cellular energy. ATP is required for…

Deoxyribonucleic Acid is a polynucleotide. It is an essential component of chromosomes in cell nuclei. It is the carrier of genetic material. It contains information in chemical code to direct the development of the cell according to its inheritance. The purine and pyrimidine bases of the…

A thio analog of the purine base guanine that incorporates into DNA during replication, inducing double-strand breaks that destabilize its structure and result in cytotoxicity; used as a chemotherapeutic for acute leukemia and other types of cancer, including BRCA2-mutated tumors.

A pyrimadine analog that irreversibly inhibits thymidylate synthase, blocking the synthesis of thymidine which is required for DNA synthesis; widely used to treat many gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas.

A metabolic precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood brain barrier; used to treat Parkinson’s disease and stroke damage.

A class III antiarrhythmic agent; inhibits KCNH2 with an IC₅₀ value of 1 µM; also inhibits CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro at low micromolar concentrations.

A naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class that stimulates cell elongation and division, promoting plant growth and development.

A cyclic oligosaccharide containing seven D-(+)-glucopyranose units that is widely used to improve the aqueous solubility of various compounds, especially those containing a phenyl group.

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agent; functions by inhibiting DNA A fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agent; functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase (a type II topoisomerase) and topoisomerase IV, the…

An N-acetylglucosamine derivative that has been shown to promote hyaluronic acid production.

A dye used to stain proteins for IEF and SDS-PAGE; fluoresces near infrared (absorption maximum: 624 nm).

A coumarin antibiotic that inhibits the ATPase activity of DNA gyrase, permitting relaxation of negative supercoils; also generates positively supercoiled DNA.

A derivative of AMP that has been used in the synthesis of novel photoaffinity labels for incorporation into DNA and to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage.

Hydrocortisone, a primary glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. It has three times the anti-inflammatory potency of corticosterone but much lower Na2+ retention potency. Hydrocortisone, known more formally as cortisone (INN, USAN, BAN), is a steroid hormone, produced by the zona…

Urinary metabolite of leucine that is used as a diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of various acidemias and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation defects.

An agonist of α2 adrenergic receptors (Ki = 194 nM); used for sedation, anesthesia, and analgesia in non-human mammals.

A non-ionic detergent commonly used to solubilize membrane-associated proteins; helps retain the native conformation and activity of membrane-associated proteins, and facilitates the reforming of these proteins after denaturation.

A natural polyamine that plays diverse roles in signal transduction and metabolism; involved in growth, development, and stress responses in plants.