A dual purpose probe; a chemiluminescent probe that detects superoxide production by enzymatic and cellular sources; a fluorescent chloride-sensitive indicator, with fluorescence being quenched by chloride (excitation: 455 nm; emission: 505 nm).

A cell-permeable, water-soluble derivative of vitamin E with potent antioxidant properties; commonly used as a standard or positive control in antioxidant assays.

An analog of β-D-glucose in which sulfur replaces the hydroxyl group at the one position, allowing diverse chemical reactions, including click chemistry and polymerization; can be labeled with technetium-99m for analytical and diagnostic procedures.

β-estradiol is a potent mammalian estrogenic hormone produced by the ovary. Triggers the production of gonadotropins leading to ovulation. β-Estradiol is used to study cell differentiation and transformations (tumorigenicity). The pharmacology and HPLC determination of β-Estradiol…

A derivative of AMP that has been used in the synthesis of novel photoaffinity labels for incorporation into DNA and to study adenosine-based interactions during DNA synthesis and DNA damage.

A natural product which effectively kills malarial parasites of the genus Plasmodium (IC50 = 4.0 nM); also used against a wide range of trematodes, including Schistosoma; has potential applications in certain types of cancer and inflammatory conditions.

A metabolite of tryptophan derived from dietary protein that can accumulate to toxic levels in instances of uremia; 250 µM can induce the activation of NF-κB, promoting the expression of both TGF-β1 and Smad3 expression in proximal tubular cells of rats, which is associated with…

An NSAID commonly used in animals to combat pain and inflammation, particularly as associated with osteoarthritis; inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 (IC₅₀s = 22.3 and 3.9 µM, respectively) and also FAAH (IC₅₀ = 74 µM).

A bacteriocin, a natural polycyclic antibacterial peptide, also called a lantibiotic; particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria and commonly used as a food preservative.

A natural product from the bark of apple trees that reduces plasma glucose levels by blocking renal and intestinal glucose absorption through competitive inhibition of SGLT1 and SGLT2; exhibits Ki values of 140 and 11 nM, respectively, at 37°C, for human SGLT1 and SGLT2, respectively.

Hydrocortisone, a primary glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. It has three times the anti-inflammatory potency of corticosterone but much lower Na2+ retention potency. Hydrocortisone, known more formally as cortisone (INN, USAN, BAN), is a steroid hormone, produced by the zona…

3-Pyrimidin-2-yl-Propionic Acid is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

An amino-amide anesthetic that binds to the intracellular portion of voltage-gated sodium channels and blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, preventing the generation of an action potential; inhibits the uptake of dopamine in striatal synaptosomes by 47% at 100 µM.

A naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class that stimulates cell elongation and division, promoting plant growth and development.

Pure Canavalia ensiformis lectin (Con A) from Jackbean. Isolated by affinity chromatography on cross-linked dextran. Con A exists as a dimer below pH 5.0 and and at pH >7 it exists as a tetramer. Con-A is not a glycoprotein. The monomeric molecular weight of Con-A is 25,500. Con-A does not…

Deploy IPTG in blue/white selection assays to detect ß-galactosidase activity Used in combination with X-gal to detect ß-galactosidase activity in blue/white selection assays. Can induce protein expression when used with a number of derivatives including DE3-derivatives and…

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator used as adjuvant therapy for estrogen-dependent breast cancer; increases ER activity in bone, uterus, and the cardiovasculature system as it decreases ER activity in breast tissues; metabolized by CYP450 enzymes to active metabolites; alters cholesterol…

An inhibitor of protein synthesis in eukaryotes (IC₅₀ = 5-50 μM) that functions by interfering with translational elongation; can either induce or inhibit apoptosis depending on cell type.

An inhibitor of DPP-4 (IC₅₀ = 3.5-34 nM); also inhibits DPP-8 and DPP-9 (Ki = 810 and 95 nM, respectively) but not DPP-2 or FAPα; blocks the degradation of several circulating peptides, including incretins; reduces fasting and postprandial glucose levels and decreases inflammatory…

A coumarin antibiotic that inhibits the ATPase activity of DNA gyrase, permitting relaxation of negative supercoils; also generates positively supercoiled DNA.

A glucosamine-nitrosourea which is commonly used to induce experimental diabetes in animals; specifically targets beta cells, entering via the glucose transporter GLUT2 and causing alkylation of DNA, leading to the destruction of beta cells.

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a derivative of carnitine that enables functions of CoA and plays a significant role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Acetyl-L-carnitine exhibits antidepressant, neuroprotective, analgesic, and antinociceptive activities. In vivo, acetyl-L-carnitine acetylates p65,…

A natural bacterial product used, in certain formulations, as an oral antibiotic for fungal infections of the skin; alters microtubule dynamics, resulting in metaphase arrest.

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis; has mycobacteriostatic and mycobacteriocidal activities in vitro.

A competitive HDAC inhibitor that inhibits HDAC1 (IC50 = 0.25 μM) and HDAC3 (IC50 = 0.30 μM); causes cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest, or apoptosis.

A class III antiarrhythmic agent; inhibits KCNH2 with an IC₅₀ value of 1 µM; also inhibits CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro at low micromolar concentrations.

Cholesterol is the principal sterol of the higher animals, found in all body tissues. It is the main constituent of gallstones and all biological membranes. Approximately 25% of total brain lipid is cholesterol. Cholesterol is suitable for use in liposome preparations.

An atypical antidepressant with diverse actions, most notably on the glutamatergic system; attenuates glutamate release and modulates the function of AMPAR; acts as an agonist of the µ-opioid receptor (EC₅₀s = 194 and 641 nM for human and mouse receptors, respectively).

A muscarinic M1 and M2 mACh receptor agonist (pKB = 5 and 3.7, respectively) that is typically used as an animal model for temporal lobe epilepsy.

An agonist of α2 adrenergic receptors (Ki = 194 nM); used for sedation, anesthesia, and analgesia in non-human mammals.

An aminoglycosidic antibiotic that is commonly used for the selection of genetically engineered cells neo neon toxic prokaryotic genes eukaryotic cells.

An HDAC inhibitor of class I and class II HDACs at around 50 nM; arrests cell growth in a wide variety of transformed cells in culture at 2.5-5.0 µM.