A class III antiarrhythmic agent; inhibits KCNH2 with an IC₅₀ value of 1 µM; also inhibits CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 in vitro at low micromolar concentrations.

A natural phytochemical with anti-inflammatory effects; inhibits the growth of leukemia cells (IC₅₀ = 1.5 μg/ml), inducing apoptosis; at 15 μM, suppresses STAT3-regulated gene expression and prevents angiogenesis.

A classical inhibitor of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, inhibiting NADH/DB oxidoreductase and NADH oxidase with IC₅₀ values of 28.8 and 5.1 nM, respectively; used in animal models of Parkinson’s disease.

A naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class that stimulates cell elongation and division, promoting plant growth and development.

A major organic tracer generated by burned cellulose; used to evaluate, in atmospheric samples, the burning of wood.

A plant growth regulator involved in the signaling mechanisms for a variety of conditions including plant defense, wound healing, tuberization, fruit ripening, and senescence.

An SFA containing eleven carbons (C11:0) that is cytotoxic to certain filamentous fungi.

A lysosomal condensation product that selectively eliminates dipeptidyl peptidase I-expressing immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells.

A chemical chaperone that rescues the trafficking of misfolded proteins and weakly blocks HDAC activity (IC50 = 0.4 mM), leading to cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis of various tumors.

A structural analog of sphingosine and a novel immune modulator; inhibits lymphocyte emigration from lymphoid organs; becomes phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase in vivo to act as a potent agonist at S1P1, S1P3, S1P4, and S1P5.

An odorless, selective, and water-soluble reducing agent that is commonly used in many laboratory applications; commonly used to rapidly reduce protein and peptide disulfide bonds.

A chemiluminescent substrate of firefly luciferase which produces light upon oxidative decarboxylation in the presence of ATP.

An inhibitor of DPP-4 (IC₅₀ = 3.5-34 nM); also inhibits DPP-8 and DPP-9 (Ki = 810 and 95 nM, respectively) but not DPP-2 or FAPα; blocks the degradation of several circulating peptides, including incretins; reduces fasting and postprandial glucose levels and decreases inflammatory…

A non-ionic detergent commonly used to solubilize membrane-associated proteins; helps retain the native conformation and activity of membrane-associated proteins, and facilitates the reforming of these proteins after denaturation.

A bacteriocin, a natural polycyclic antibacterial peptide, also called a lantibiotic; particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria and commonly used as a food preservative.

A natural flavonol and potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory actions; activator of sirtuin 1, inhibitor of the spleen tyrosine kinase SYK, and suppressor of CD36 gene expression.

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis; has mycobacteriostatic and mycobacteriocidal activities in vitro.

A monosaccharide derivative of glucose that is released by the action of O-GlcNAcase, in mammalian systems, from proteins that have been post-translationally modified with O-GlcNAc; also is the monomeric unit of chitin, which is found in fungi and many inverebrates, including crustaceans, insects,…

A thio analog of the purine base guanine that incorporates into DNA during replication, inducing double-strand breaks that destabilize its structure and result in cytotoxicity; used as a chemotherapeutic for acute leukemia and other types of cancer, including BRCA2-mutated tumors.

A β-lactam antibiotic in the cephalosporin class.

A synthetic intermediate used in glycosylation reactions.

A polypeptide antibiotic effective against Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae.

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator used as adjuvant therapy for estrogen-dependent breast cancer; increases ER activity in bone, uterus, and the cardiovasculature system as it decreases ER activity in breast tissues; metabolized by CYP450 enzymes to active metabolites; alters cholesterol…

A compound used to attach biotin to primary amines, such as lysines on the surface of proteins, under alkaline conditions (pH~8-9).

A cyclic oligosaccharide containing seven D-(+)-glucopyranose units that is widely used to improve the aqueous solubility of various compounds, especially those containing a phenyl group.

Catechin is a polyphenolic flavonoid which has been isolated from a variety of natural sources including tea leaves, grape seeds, and the wood and bark of trees such as acacia and mahogany. Catechin is a more potent antioxidant than ascorbate or α-tocopherol in certain in vitro lipid…

An orally active broad spectrum antifungal agent that blocks ergosterol biosynthesis by inhibiting the fungal CYP isoform CYP51; potently inhibits the mammalian analog CYP51A1 (IC₅₀ = 63.5 nM), as well as a variety of other CYP isoforms.

An aminocyclitol antibiotic active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and interfering with peptidyl tRNA translocation.

A fluorogenic substrate of β-glucuronidase that upon cleavage yields a blue fluorescent end product that can be monitored by UV light; typically used in the GUS reporter system for fluorescent detection of β-glucuronidase gene expression in E. coli and transformed plants.

A low molecular weight nonionic detergent that is commonly used for cell lysis and non-denaturing protein solubilization.

A third generation fluoroquinolone with antibacterial activity; inhibits type II topoisomerases (IC₅₀s = 8.06 and 9.81 µg/ml for DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, respectively).

An N-acetylglucosamine derivative that has been shown to promote hyaluronic acid production.