A selective, reversible inhibitor of V-ATPases in mammalian, plant, or fungal cells with an IC₅₀ value in the 4-400 nM range; at 100 nM, the related bafilomycin A1 blocks V-ATPase-mediated acidification of lysosomes during autophagy, preventing protein degradation.

A natural oxidative metabolic product of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B2.

Differs from the major microcystin variant LR with the substitution of alanine in place of the arginine; inhibits both PP1C and PP2A with an IC50 value of 0.3 nM.

A natural oxidative metabolic of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1; produced from aflatoxin B1 in mammals and then secreted in milk.

An antitumor antibiotic that inhibits DNA synthesis by promoting the selective cross-linking of both histone H3 and the heat shock protein, GRP78 to DNA when photoactivated by near-UV or visible light.

Blocks lysosomal acidification through selective inhibition of the V-type ATPase (EC50 = 2.1-2.3 μM); blocks cell surface expression of viral glycoproteins without affecting their synthesis and, at 0.8 μM, prevents entry of influenza virus into cells.