N-acetyl-D-leucine is a D-amino acid that is deacylated in bacteria by d-aminoacylase enzymes. D-amino acids inhibit bacterial biofilm formation when they are incorporated into the cell wall. Compounds such as N-acetyl-D-leucine induce release of amyloid fibers that link cells together in the…

A cyclic oligosaccharide containing seven D-(+)-glucopyranose units that is widely used to improve the aqueous solubility of various compounds, especially those containing a phenyl group.

Ciprofloxacin is a second generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic that exhibits antibacterial activity against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, preventing DNA replication.

An aminocyclitol antibiotic active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and interfering with peptidyl tRNA translocation.

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator; an ER antagonist in breast tissue, effective in treating early breast cancer; an ER agonist in bone and blood vessels and a partial ER agonist in uterine tissues.

6-Bromoisoquinoline is a synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

A long-acting ascorbic acid derivative that stimulates collagen expression and formation and is used in human cell culture; included in media to enhance the survival of human embryonic stem cells or drive osteogenic differentiation in human adipose stem cells and in human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells.

Cholesterol is the principal sterol of the higher animals, found in all body tissues. It is the main constituent of gallstones and all biological membranes. Approximately 25% of total brain lipid is cholesterol. Cholesterol is suitable for use in liposome preparations.

Cathepsin K is a lysosomal cysteine protease found in osteoclasts whose elevated activity has been linked to the formation of osteoporosis and arthritis. 2-cyano-Pyrimidine is a cathepsin K inhibitor whose basic structure and derivatives are being studied for the treatment of osteoporosis.…

An orally active broad spectrum antifungal agent that blocks ergosterol biosynthesis by inhibiting the fungal CYP isoform CYP51; potently inhibits the mammalian analog CYP51A1 (IC₅₀ = 63.5 nM), as well as a variety of other CYP isoforms.

β-estradiol is a potent mammalian estrogenic hormone produced by the ovary. Triggers the production of gonadotropins leading to ovulation. β-Estradiol is used to study cell differentiation and transformations (tumorigenicity). The pharmacology and HPLC determination of β-Estradiol…

A non-ionic detergent commonly used to solubilize membrane-associated proteins; helps retain the native conformation and activity of membrane-associated proteins, and facilitates the reforming of these proteins after denaturation.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) disodium is clinically used to inhibit reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction during percutaneous coronary intervention; it also improves left ventricular function in clinical settings. ATP itself is a coenzyme and unit of cellular energy. ATP is required for…

An indoleamine neurohormone whose levels vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions in animals, plants, and microbes; acts as a powerful antioxidant that protects lipids, proteins, and DNA against oxidative damage.

A central component of energy storage and metabolism in vivo, providing the metabolic energy to drive metabolic pumps and serving as a coenzyme in a wide array of enzymatic reactions; acts a substrate for kinases involved in cell signaling and of adenylate cyclases that produce the second messenger cAMP.

Catechin is a polyphenolic flavonoid which has been isolated from a variety of natural sources including tea leaves, grape seeds, and the wood and bark of trees such as acacia and mahogany. Catechin is a more potent antioxidant than ascorbate or α-tocopherol in certain in vitro lipid…

An enzyme substrate for glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways; metabolized to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase during glycolysis; formed from phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-catalyzed oxaloacetate decarboxylation during gluconeogenesis.

A cell-permeable, chromogenic substrate for β-galactosidase used in histochemical and molecular biology applications, including detection of lacZ activity in cells and tissues.

Induces protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator by triggering transcription of the lac operon in cloning procedures.

A metabolite of tryptophan that has pronounced effects on neuronal signaling; broadly antagonizes ionotopic glutamate receptors; has potent effects at glutamate receptor subunit ζ-1 (Ki = 5.4 µM), GPR35 (EC₅₀ = 39 µM), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (EC₅₀ = 300…

A muscarinic M1 and M2 mACh receptor agonist (pKB = 5 and 3.7, respectively) that is typically used as an animal model for temporal lobe epilepsy.

Caffeic acid is an inhibitor of 5-LO with an IC₅₀ value of 3.7-72 µM and 12-LO with an IC₅₀ value of 5.1-30 µM.

An NSAID commonly used in animals to combat pain and inflammation, particularly as associated with osteoarthritis; inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2 (IC₅₀s = 22.3 and 3.9 µM, respectively) and also FAAH (IC₅₀ = 74 µM).

An H2S donor commonly used in cellular and whole animal experimental systems.

A bacteriocin, a natural polycyclic antibacterial peptide, also called a lantibiotic; particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria and commonly used as a food preservative.

4-Bromoflavone displays antioxidative and chemopreventive activities. 4-Bromoflavone activates Nrf2-Keap1-ARE complex signaling and also induces quinone reductase and other phase II enzymes. Additionally, this compound prevents the development of mammary tumors, increasing tumor latency in vivo.

A dye used to stain proteins for IEF and SDS-PAGE; fluoresces near infrared (absorption maximum: 624 nm).

Hydrocortisone, a primary glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. It has three times the anti-inflammatory potency of corticosterone but much lower Na2+ retention potency. Hydrocortisone, known more formally as cortisone (INN, USAN, BAN), is a steroid hormone, produced by the zona…

A mixture of proteolytic enzymes derived from the stem and fruit of pineapple plants; studied for a number of potential beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, fibrinolytic, and anti-cancer functions.

A tricyclic antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and acts as an antagonist at histamine, serotonin, adrenergic, and muscarinic receptors with Ki values in the nanomolar range.

A dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel antagonist that displays antihypertensive and antianginal activity; selectively inhibits adenosine A3 receptors (Ki = 3.25 µM) and CYP3A4 catalytic activity (IC₅₀ = 0.148 µM); activates TRPA1 channels, producing an increase in Ca2+…

An unsaturated fatty acid found in royal jelly produced from the hypopharyngeal and mandibular gland secretions of honeybees; isolated in conjunction with 10-HDA (Item No. 10976) and both demonstrate weak estrogenic activity, inhibiting binding of 17β-estradiol (Item No. ISO60155) to estrogen…