Bromhexine is a synthetic derivative of vasicine that exhibits mucolytic and antioxidative activities. Bromhexine increases production of serous mucus, decreases mucus viscosity, and helps cilia transport mucus out of the lungs. Bromhexine is clinically used to treat respiratory disorders…

An antibacterial antibiotic that acts by interfering directly with the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, which constitutes the major component of the bacterial cell wall, leading to structural instability and death of bacteria; used as a selective antibiotic for resistant bacteria.

Guaiacol is a phenolic natural product first isolated from Guaiac resin and the oxidation of lignin. Guaiacol is readily oxidized by the heme iron of peroxidases including the peroxidase of COX enzymes. It can therefore serve as a reducing co-substrate for COX reactions. The one-electron oxidation…

An analgesic and antipyretic compound; inhibits COX-2 activity by more than 80%, albeit at relatively high doses, while it is less effective against COX-1.

Caffeine is a well-known drug commonly used as a mild stimulant, found in dietary sources such as coffee, tea, and cocoa. A central nervous system stimulant believed to act through adenosine receptors and monoamine neurotransmitters. It is an adenosine receptor antagonist and adenosine…

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is commonly used as a food and cosmetics additive; it exhibits antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. BHT may also display neuroprotective benefit, decreasing ethanol-induced brain damage and neurodegeneration and suppressing activation of NF-?B activation…

Cholesterol is the principal sterol of the higher animals, found in all body tissues. It is the main constituent of gallstones and all biological membranes. Approximately 25% of total brain lipid is cholesterol. Cholesterol, followed by the chemical suffix -ol for an alcohol, is an organic chemical…

A non-selective, irreversible COX inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 0.75 and 1.25 mM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively.

D-myo-Inositol is a growth factor for animals as well as microorganisms. Myo-Inositol is the most abundant form of polyols that serves as a structural element of secondary messengers in eukaryotic cells. Inositol or cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol is a chemical compound, a sixfold alcohol (polyol) of…

An aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein translation by binding to the small subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes; commonly used for the prevention of bacterial contamination of cell cultures.

PPARγ is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in the regulation of lipid homeostasis and may function as a master regulator of adipogenesis. Ligands for PPARγ include antidiabetic drugs of the thiazolidinedione structural class, 15-deoxy-.DELTA.12,14-PGJ2, and NSAIDS. BADGE…

A free radical scavenger with diverse protective effects in vivo; reduces damage due to ischemia-reperfusion injury in lung, liver, and brain in animal models of transplant, infection, traumatic brain injury, and stroke.

An organic disulfide that inhibits TGM2 with an IC₅₀ value of approximately 2.5 mM; neuroprotective in mouse models of Huntington’s disease; also inhibits caspase 3, increases intracellular glutathione, and reduces inflammation in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease.