A tyrosine kinase inhibitor which acts on EGFR, inhibiting EGFR-associated kinase activity (IC50 = 2.5 µM) and tumor growth in human HN5 tumor xenografts in mice with an ED50 value of 9 mg/kg; drug form of Erlotinib, Tarceva™, is used to treat certain forms of cancer.

An alkaloid that irreversibly inhibits both human VMAT1 and VMAT2 (Ki = 34 and 12 nM, respectively); used to experimentally deplete monoamines in animals; also inhibits P-glycoprotein (IC₅₀ = 0.5 µM).

A cell-permeable antagonist of IP3 receptors.

An indoleamine neurohormone whose levels vary in a daily cycle, thereby allowing the entrainment of the circadian rhythms of several biological functions in animals, plants, and microbes; acts as a powerful antioxidant that protects lipids, proteins, and DNA against oxidative damage.

A metabolite of tryptophan that has pronounced effects on neuronal signaling; broadly antagonizes ionotopic glutamate receptors; has potent effects at glutamate receptor subunit ζ-1 (Ki = 5.4 µM), GPR35 (EC₅₀ = 39 µM), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (EC₅₀ = 300…

A natural retinoid that associates with CRBP-I and CRBP-II (Kds = 50 and 90 nM, respectively), which are involved in the intracellular transport of retinol; an intermediate of the phototransduction pathway of photoreceptors; can form toxic conjugates with proteins and lipids, leading to…

An unsaturated fatty acid found in royal jelly produced from honeybees; demonstrates longevity-promoting effects in C. elegans, down regulates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in rheumatoid arthritis, inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis in HUVECs, facilitates differentiation of neurons from neural…

A plant growth regulator involved in the signaling mechanisms for a variety of conditions including plant defense, wound healing, tuberization, fruit ripening, and senescence.

A dual purpose probe; a chemiluminescent probe that detects superoxide production by enzymatic and cellular sources; a fluorescent chloride-sensitive indicator, with fluorescence being quenched by chloride (excitation: 455 nm; emission: 505 nm).

A cyclic oligosaccharide containing seven D-(+)-glucopyranose units that is widely used to improve the aqueous solubility of various compounds, especially those containing a phenyl group.

A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine; used to solubilize lipids and membrane-bound proteins and also as a vehicle to assist with vaccine delivery.

A yellow breakdown product of heme catabolism, formed when heme is cleaved by heme oxygenase; has key roles as a free radical scavenger with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

An aminoglycosidic antibiotic that is commonly used for the selection of genetically engineered cells neo neon toxic prokaryotic genes eukaryotic cells.

A mixture of at least four closely related components, polymyxin B1 to B4, with polymyxin B1 and B2 being the two major components; demonstrates rapid in vitro bactericidal activity against major multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, and K. pneumonia.

An imidazoquinoline compound that activates TLR7 (EC₅₀ = 2.1 µM) on immune cells, inducing the production of IFN-α, IL-12, and other mediators; up-regulates the OGF receptor on cancer cells, blocking cell proliferation (IC₅₀ = 2 µM).

A monobactam antibiotic that is effective against Gram-negative bacteria but inactive against Gram-positive bacteria.

A natural plant sterol that can be isolated from certain seed oils and herbs, including those used for therapeutic purposes.

An atypical, second generation antipsychotic compound that has effects at multiple receptors; antagonizes dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptors, serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT7 receptors, and α1A, α1B, and α2C adrenergic receptors.

Induces protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator by triggering transcription of the lac operon in cloning procedures.

A natural bacterial product used, in certain formulations, as an oral antibiotic for fungal infections of the skin; alters microtubule dynamics, resulting in metaphase arrest.

A synthetic intermediate useful for pharmaceutical synthesis.

An inhibitor of DPP-4 (IC₅₀ = 3.5-34 nM); also inhibits DPP-8 and DPP-9 (Ki = 810 and 95 nM, respectively) but not DPP-2 or FAPα; blocks the degradation of several circulating peptides, including incretins; reduces fasting and postprandial glucose levels and decreases inflammatory…

A lysosomal condensation product that selectively eliminates dipeptidyl peptidase I-expressing immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells.

A polyene macrolide used in the treatment of infections caused by C. albicans, A. fumigatus, and parasitic L. protozoans, as well as in tissue culture to prevent fungi from contaminating cell cultures; binds with ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, altering membrane permeability and ultimately…

A broad-spectrum nitrofuran antibiotic used against urinary tract infections and as therapy for acute diarrhea of bacterial origin; inhibits the survival and migration of cancer cells, suppressing tumor growth and metastasis in vivo, at least in part by inhibiting STAT3 (IC₅₀ = 10 µM).

A dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel antagonist that displays antihypertensive and antianginal activity; selectively inhibits adenosine A3 receptors (Ki = 3.25 µM) and CYP3A4 catalytic activity (IC₅₀ = 0.148 µM); activates TRPA1 channels, producing an increase in Ca2+…

A low molecular weight nonionic detergent that is commonly used for cell lysis and non-denaturing protein solubilization.

A non-ionic detergent commonly used to solubilize membrane-associated proteins; helps retain the native conformation and activity of membrane-associated proteins, and facilitates the reforming of these proteins after denaturation.

A major organic tracer generated by burned cellulose; used to evaluate, in atmospheric samples, the burning of wood.

A natural alkaloid with antiviral properties, inhibiting the replication of hepatitis B alone and in combination with lamivudine; prevents fibrosis in a number of organs including liver, at least in part by interfering with TGF-β signaling.

A β-lactam antibiotic in the cephalosporin class.

A selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator; an ER antagonist in breast tissue, effective in treating early breast cancer; an ER agonist in bone and blood vessels and a partial ER agonist in uterine tissues.