Aristolochic acid A is a carcinogenic compound found in Aristolochia and Radix that has commonly been used in traditional Chinese medicine. This compound inhibits phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and decreases GABA-induced release of arachidonic acid and phosphatidylcholine as well as exocytosis in vitro.

Bicuculline is a neuromodulatory GABA-A receptor antagonist used to study regional variation of GABA receptors and the role of GABA-A receptors in motor disorders, pain, seizure, nociception, anxiety, and memory. Through its inhibition of GABA-A receptors, bicuculline potentiates activation at NMDA…