This product is used to measure apoptosis in vitro.

Angiotensin I (AT I) is a peptide cleavage product of angiotensin and served no primary biological purpose other than to function as a precursor to angiotensin II.

Cilostazol is a quinolone inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE 3B) that exhibits vasodilatory, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and pro-angiogenic activities. Cilostazol is clinically used to treat intermittent claudication associated with peripheral…

Captopril is the first angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor marketed; it is clinically used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF), and diabetic nephropathy. Captopril exhibits antihypertensive, anti-metastatic, and anticancer chemotherapeutic activities. In animal models of…

Caffeic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid found in coffee, argan oil, Eucaplyptus, Salvinia, and Phellinus; it exhibits antioxidative, anti-diabetic, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, and anticancer activities. Caffeic acid inhibits activity of a-amylase and a-glucosidase. This compound…

Anethole trithione is an oltipraz analog that is clinically used to treat xerostomia (dry mouth). Anethole trithione enhances salivary gland secretion.

Carbenoxolone is a synthetic derivative of glycyrrhizin that exhibits anti-ulcerative, anti-inflammatory, neuromodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-hyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, and immunosuppressive activities. Carbenoxolone is clinically used to treat ulcers and inflammation; it inhibits…

Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic that exhibits antihypertensive and antiviral activities. Amiloride inhibits epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs), acid-sensing ion channels, and Na+/H+ antiporters. Amiloride prevents Na+ reabsorption in the kidney, increasing excretion of Na+ and water; it is…

1,4-Benzoquinone is a precursor used in the synthesis of hydroquinone and is also used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant. 1,4-Benzoquinone exhibits anti-inflammatory and antibiotic activities. 1,4-Benzoquinone inhibits 5-lipoxygenase and prevents leukotriene synthesis. Additionally, this compound…

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a polyanionic sulfated glycosaminoglycan that displays anti-arthritic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. CS is an endogenous component of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues and is responsible for their resistance and elasticity. CS is often…

Candesartan is an inhibitor of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) that displays antihypertensive, cardioprotective, nephroprotective, and potentially antiviral activities. In vivo, candesartan increases renal blood blow and decreases renal vascular resistance, glomerular filtration rate, and…

Canrenone is an active metabolite of spironolactone that acts as an aldosterone antagonist, anti-androgen, and diuretic. Canrenone acts as a partial agonist on the Na+/K+ ATPase. Grade: ≥98%

ß-Carotene is a red-orange terpene pigment originally found in various plants and fruits; it is a prodrug for vitamin A. ß-Carotene exhibits antioxidative, cytoprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-obesity activities. ß-Carotene is used in research models to…

Benzimidazole is an organic compound that displays some anticancer benefit. Complexes of Cu(II) and benzimidazole bind to the minor groove of DNA, cleave supercoiled DNA, and inhibit topoisomerase I, inhibiting proliferation across several cancer cell lines. Additionally, benzimidazole derivatives…

Amyloid-ß (Aß) is a peptide cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that is often used as a biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease. Misfolded Aß oligomers instigate conformation changes in other, normally folded Aß oligomers, increasing the number of misfolded proteins and eventually forming…

Amyloid-ß (Aß) is a peptide cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that is often used as a biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease. Misfolded Aß oligomers instigate conformation changes in other, normally folded Aß oligomers, increasing the number of misfolded proteins and eventually forming…

F0F1-ATPase and adenine nucleotide translocator inhibitor and GABA receptor antagonist. It prevents mitochondrial respiration and decreases sperm count and motility. Grade: ≥70%

2-Tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (2-BHA) is one component of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). This compound is commonly used as a food additive; it exhibits antioxidative activity. 2-BHA acts as a phase II enzyme inducer, increasing levels of glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase.

Betamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist that exhibits anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and anti-ulcerative activities. Betamethasone is clinically used to treat skin irritations such as psoriasis and to accelerate preterm fetal lung development.

Benzydamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that also exhibits analgesic, anesthetic, and antibacterial activities. Benzydamine is clinically used to treat mucositis and sore throat. Unlike most NSAIDs, benzydamine inhibits prostaglandin synthetase, not cyclooxygenase (COX).

Citrinin is a mycotoxin initially produced by Penicillum, Aspergillus, and Monascus. Citrinin exhibits cytotoxic, cardiotoxic, nephrotoxic, and pro-oxidative activities. In leydig cells, citrinin inhibits testosterone production and induces caspase-mediated apoptosis. In embryos, citrinin alters…

Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in a variety of plants, including barberry, goldenseal, Oregon grape, California poppy, and the Amur cork tree. Berberine fluoresces under ultraviolet light and is often used to stain heparin in mast cells. Berberine displays many beneficial effects,…

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins found in foods and livestock feeds that were initially produced by species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxin B2 is cytotoxic; it inhibits DNA synthesis and induces cell cycle arrest.

Cefotaxime is a third generation β-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefotaxime exhibits antibacterial efficacy against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, inhibiting penicillin binding proteins to prevent peptidoglycan synthesis and bacterial cell wall formation. Cefotaxime is also…

Carveol is a terpene alcohol initially found in spearmint oil that exhibits anti-parasitic, neuromodulatory, and anticancer activities. Carveol is commercially used as a food additive and fragrance. This compound activates transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) channels in vitro and…

Adrenorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide produced from cleavage of proenkephalin A. Adrenorphin acts as an agonist at ?-opioid receptors (?ORs) and µ-opioid receptors (µORs). Like other opioids, adrenorphin exhibits analgesic, antinociceptive, and gastrointestinal motility modulating…

Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin (vitamin B7) that may be found in many foods but is also administered as a dietary supplement. Biotin is a coenzyme involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, isoleucine, and valine; it also plays a role in gluconeogenesis. Biotin may be found attached to lysine…

This peptide is a protease substrate that is used to measure protease activity in vitro. This peptide can bind to serine proteases such as cathepsins. Grade: ≥98%

Amyloid-ß (Aß) is a peptide cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that is often used as a biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease. Misfolded Aß oligomers instigate conformation changes in other, normally folded Aß oligomers, increasing the number of misfolded proteins and eventually forming…

Carbadox is an antibiotic compound used to treat livestock; it exhibits antibacterial activity against Lawsonia and Treponema. Carbadox is also used as a growth promoter and may be mutagenic.

Chlormadinone is a synthetic steroidal progesterone that exhibits anti-androgenic and anti-osteoporotic activities. Chlormadinone is occasionally used as a contraceptive but also treats benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In bone marrow stem cells, chlormadinone…

L-Citrulline is a by product of NO formation from metabolism of L-arginine that exhibits tocolytic and antioxidative activities. L-Citrulline was originally found in watermelon. In isolated rat uteri, L-citrulline decreases uterine contractile force through stimulation of the NO-cGMP relaxant…