Silica (SiO₂) is the oxide of silicon, the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. Silica is present as silicates in most natural waters. Typical concentrations lie between 1 and 30 mg/L. Higher concentrations may exist in brackish waters and brines. The silica content of…

Low-level ammonia nitrogen may be naturally present in water as a result of the biological decay of plant and animal matter. Higher concentrations in surface waters can indicate contamination from waste treatment facilities, raw sewage, industrial effluents (particularly from petroleum refineries),…

Because of its strong oxidizing properties, chlorine is an excellent biocide used to treat potable waters, municipal wastes, and swimming pools. When used to treat potable water, chlorine helps alleviate the adverse effects of iron, manganese, ammonia, and sulfide. The Maximum Residual Disinfectant…

Nitrate is the most completely oxidized form of nitrogen. It is formed during the final stages of biological decomposition, either in wastewater treatment facilities or in natural water supplies. Low-level nitrate concentrations may be present in natural waters. However, a Maximum Contaminant Level…

Aluminum forms a variety of minerals in the earth’s crust. Aluminum and its alloys have many uses: heat exchangers, construction materials, and aircraft parts. Alum (aluminum potassium sulfate) is used in water treatment to flocculate suspended particles but may raise the level of aluminum in…

Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent with a variety of uses. Applications include the treating of industrial effluents and domestic waste and serving as a disinfectant in aseptic packaging. The Ferric Thiocyanate Method Reference: D. F. Boltz and J. A. Howell, eds.,…

Phosphorus occurs naturally in rock formations in the earth's crust, usually as phosphate. High phosphate concentrations in surface waters may indicate fertilizer runoff, domestic waste discharge, or the presence of industrial effluents or detergents. Although phosphates from these sources are…

Because of its strong oxidizing properties, chlorine is an excellent biocide used to treat potable waters, municipal wastes, and swimming pools. When used to treat potable water, chlorine helps alleviate the adverse effects of iron, manganese, ammonia, and sulfide. The Maximum Residual Disinfectant…

Because of its strong oxidizing properties, chlorine is an excellent biocide used to treat potable waters, municipal wastes, and swimming pools. When used to treat potable water, chlorine helps alleviate the adverse effects of iron, manganese, ammonia, and sulfide. The Maximum Residual Disinfectant…

Surface and ground waters rarely contain more than 1 mg/L of soluble or suspended manganese. Manganese can act as an oxidizing or a reducing agent depending on its valence state. Manganese is also used in the manufacture of batteries and as an alloying metal in the manufacture of steel and…

Hexavalent chromium salts are used in numerous industrial processes. They are also used extensively as corrosion inhibitors in open and closed cooling water systems. The Diphenylcarbazide Method References: APHA Standard Methods, 22nd ed., Method 3500-Cr B - 2009. ASTM D 1687-02,…

Sulfides are naturally present in ground waters as a result of leaching from sulfur-containing mineral deposits. Surface waters do not usually contain high sulfide concentrations. Sulfides result from the decomposition of organic matter, from bacterial sulfate reduction under anaerobic conditions…

Nitrite, an intermediate in the nitrogen cycle, is formed during the decomposition of organic matter but readily oxidizes to form nitrate. These processes occur in wastewater treatment plants, water distribution systems, and natural waters. Nitrites are useful as corrosion inhibitors,…

Dissolved oxygen in boiler system water causes corrosion and pitting of metal surfaces, which can lead to boiler inefficiency, equipment failure, and system downtime. DEHA (N,N-Diethylhydroxylamine) is added to boiler system water as an oxygen scavenger to keep the dissolved oxygen levels as low as…

Chlorine dioxide is used as an oxidizing microbiocide in industrial cooling water treatment, the dairy industry, the meat industry, and many other food and beverage industry applications. It is used as a bleaching agent in the pulp and paper industry, and as a disinfectant in municipal water…

Cyanide is used in many chemical and refining processes. It is found in effluent from electroplating and metal cleaning operations, coke ovens, steel manufacturing facilities, and gas scrubbers. Although cyanide can be safely removed by alkaline chlorination, its acute toxicity to aquatic life…

Iron is present in nature in the form of its oxides, or in combination with silicon or sulfur. The soluble iron content of surface waters rarely exceeds 1 mg/L, while ground waters often contain higher concentrations. The National Secondary Drinking Water Standard for iron is 0.3 mg/L, as iron…

Iron is present in nature in the form of its oxides, or in combination with silicon or sulfur. The soluble iron content of surface waters rarely exceeds 1 mg/L, while ground waters often contain higher concentrations. The National Secondary Drinking Water Standard for iron is 0.3 mg/L, as iron…

Hardness is a measure of the mineral content of water. Calcium and magnesium are the most common minerals that contribute to hardness. Hard water causes scaling in boilers and other industrial equipment, and diminishes the effectiveness of soaps and detergents. The EDTA Method (Total) …

Kit comes in a cardboard box and contains everything needed to perform 20 tests: Refill, Comparator, reaction tube with lid, tip breaking tool, and instructions. Range: 0-1 ppm MDL: 0.05 ppm Method: Methyl Orange

Iron is present in nature in the form of its oxides, or in combination with silicon or sulfur. The soluble iron content of surface waters rarely exceeds 1 mg/L, while ground waters often contain higher concentrations. The National Secondary Drinking Water Standard for iron is 0.3 mg/L, as iron…

Silica (SiO₂) is the oxide of silicon, the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. Silica is present as silicates in most natural waters. Typical concentrations lie between 1 and 30 mg/L. Higher concentrations may exist in brackish waters and brines. The silica content of…

Low-level ammonia nitrogen may be naturally present in water as a result of the biological decay of plant and animal matter. Higher concentrations in surface waters can indicate contamination from waste treatment facilities, raw sewage, industrial effluents (particularly from petroleum refineries),…

Copper is naturally present in the earth’s crust and in seawater. Copper-containing fungicides are used to control biological growth in water supplies. The Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for copper is 1.3 mg/L in drinking water. The measurement of copper is an important means of monitoring…

Kit comes in a plastic case and contains everything needed to perform 30 tests (except distilled water): Refill, Low and High Range Comparators, dilutor snapper cup, micro test tube, and instructions. Range: 0-30 & 30-300 ppm MDL: 5 ppm Method: Direct Nesslerization …

Hydrazine is a powerful reducing agent that is used in various chemical processes and in boiler water as an oxygen scavenger. To control corrosion, residual hydrazine typically is maintained in the 0.05 to 0.1 mg/L range. Higher levels may be used to guard against corrosion when the boiler is out…

Molybdate is used throughout the industrial water treatment and power generation industries as a corrosion inhibitor in both open- and closed-loop cooling water systems. In solution, molybdate anions complex with oxidized iron to form a protective film of molybdate and ferric-oxide. Molybdate is…

Nitrite, an intermediate in the nitrogen cycle, is formed during the decomposition of organic matter but readily oxidizes to form nitrate. These processes occur in wastewater treatment plants, water distribution systems, and natural waters. Nitrites are useful as corrosion inhibitors,…

Sulfides are naturally present in ground waters as a result of leaching from sulfur-containing mineral deposits. Surface waters do not usually contain high sulfide concentrations. Sulfides result from the decomposition of organic matter, from bacterial sulfate reduction under anaerobic conditions…

Formaldehyde, a toxic substance, is used in the following applications: metal plating baths, textile treatments, biological specimen preservatives, and disinfectants of medical equipment. Commercial formaldehyde gas is readily soluble in water. The Purpald Method Reference:…

Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent with a variety of uses. Applications include the treating of industrial effluents and domestic waste and serving as a disinfectant in aseptic packaging. For the food and beverage industry, CHEMetrics Hydrogen Peroxide CHEMets® and…

Nitrite, an intermediate in the nitrogen cycle, is formed during the decomposition of organic matter but readily oxidizes to form nitrate. These processes occur in wastewater treatment plants, water distribution systems, and natural waters. Nitrites are useful as corrosion inhibitors,…