Because of its strong oxidizing properties, chlorine is an excellent biocide used to treat potable waters, municipal wastes, and swimming pools. When used to treat potable water, chlorine helps alleviate the adverse effects of iron, manganese, ammonia, and sulfide. The Maximum Residual Disinfectant…

The level of dissolved oxygen in natural waters is often a direct indication of quality, since aquatic plants produce oxygen, while microorganisms generally consume it as they feed on pollutants. At low temperatures the solubility of oxygen is increased; during summer, saturation levels can be as…

Because of its strong oxidizing properties, chlorine is an excellent biocide used to treat potable waters, municipal wastes, and swimming pools. When used to treat potable water, chlorine helps alleviate the adverse effects of iron, manganese, ammonia, and sulfide. The Maximum Residual Disinfectant…

Sulfides are naturally present in ground waters as a result of leaching from sulfur-containing mineral deposits. Surface waters do not usually contain high sulfide concentrations. Sulfides result from the decomposition of organic matter, from bacterial sulfate reduction under anaerobic conditions…

Chloride is the most common inorganic anion found in water and wastewater. The Maximum Secondary Contaminant Level for drinking water for chloride is 250 mg/L. Natural sources of salt are the ocean and various salt deposits above and below ground. Chloride is very corrosive to most metals in…

Cyanide is used in many chemical and refining processes. It is found in effluent from electroplating and metal cleaning operations, coke ovens, steel manufacturing facilities, and gas scrubbers. Although cyanide can be safely removed by alkaline chlorination, its acute toxicity to aquatic life…

Hexavalent chromium salts are used in numerous industrial processes. They are also used extensively as corrosion inhibitors in open and closed cooling water systems. The Diphenylcarbazide Method References: APHA Standard Methods, 22nd ed., Method 3500-Cr B - 2009. ASTM D 1687-02,…

Sulfides are naturally present in ground waters as a result of leaching from sulfur-containing mineral deposits. Surface waters do not usually contain high sulfide concentrations. Sulfides result from the decomposition of organic matter, from bacterial sulfate reduction under anaerobic conditions…

Sulfite is not usually present in surface waters. If sulfite is discharged in effluents or from domestic wastewaters, it readily oxidizes to form sulfate. Sodium sulfite is the most common form of sulfite and is an excellent reducing agent with applications as an oxygen scavenger. Sulfite…

Fluoride occurs naturally in most water supplies, and may be added to municipal water by injection of hydrofluorosilicic acid, sodium silicofluoride or sodium fluoride into the water stream as a public health measure. Fluoride compounds are also involved in the production of aluminum, steel,…

Silica (SiO₂) is the oxide of silicon, the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. Silica is present as silicates in most natural waters. Typical concentrations lie between 1 and 30 mg/L. Higher concentrations may exist in brackish waters and brines. The silica content of…

Hexavalent chromium salts are used in numerous industrial processes. They are also used extensively as corrosion inhibitors in open and closed cooling water systems. The Diphenylcarbazide Method References: APHA Standard Methods, 22nd ed., Method 3500-Cr B - 2009. ASTM D 1687-02,…

Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent with a variety of uses. Applications include the treating of industrial effluents and domestic waste and serving as a disinfectant in aseptic packaging. The Ferric Thiocyanate Method Reference: D. F. Boltz and J. A. Howell, eds.,…

Silica (SiO₂) is the oxide of silicon, the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. Silica is present as silicates in most natural waters. Typical concentrations lie between 1 and 30 mg/L. Higher concentrations may exist in brackish waters and brines. The silica content of…

Iron is present in nature in the form of its oxides, or in combination with silicon or sulfur. The soluble iron content of surface waters rarely exceeds 1 mg/L, while ground waters often contain higher concentrations. The National Secondary Drinking Water Standard for iron is 0.3 mg/L, as iron…

Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent and is used as an alternative to chlorine as a biocide in the disinfection of drinking water. Ozone is used to remove odor, decolorize, and to control algae and other aquatic growths. Ozone is also used in various disinfectant and sterilization processes in…

Kit comes in a plastic case and contains everything needed to perform 30 tests (except distilled water): Refill, Low and High Range Comparators, dilutor snapper cup, micro test tube, and instructions. Range: 0-60 & 60-600 ppm MDL: 10 ppm Method: Direct Nesslerization …

Phosphorus occurs naturally in rock formations in the earth's crust, usually as phosphate. High phosphate concentrations in surface waters may indicate fertilizer runoff, domestic waste discharge, or the presence of industrial effluents or detergents. Although phosphates from these sources are…

Phenol (hydroxybenzene) is the simplest of a group of similar organic chemicals, which includes cresols, xylenols, and catechols. Phenol itself is a common ingredient of disinfectants. In drinking water, low-level phenolic concentrations impart a foul taste and odor, especially upon chlorination.…

Phenol (hydroxybenzene) is the simplest of a group of similar organic chemicals, which includes cresols, xylenols, and catechols. Phenol itself is a common ingredient of disinfectants. In drinking water, low-level phenolic concentrations impart a foul taste and odor, especially upon chlorination.…

Low-level ammonia nitrogen may be naturally present in water as a result of the biological decay of plant and animal matter. Higher concentrations in surface waters can indicate contamination from waste treatment facilities, raw sewage, industrial effluents (particularly from petroleum refineries),…

Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent with a variety of uses. Applications include the treating of industrial effluents and domestic waste and serving as a disinfectant in aseptic packaging. The Ferric Thiocyanate Method Reference: D. F. Boltz and J. A. Howell, eds.,…

Detergents can be introduced into the water supply by industry, soap manufacturers, and private households. Environmental analysts often include a determination of anionic detergents when assessing surface water pollution. The Methylene Blue Method References: USEPA Methods for…

Surface and ground waters rarely contain more than 1 mg/L of soluble or suspended manganese. Manganese can act as an oxidizing or a reducing agent depending on its valence state. Manganese is also used in the manufacture of batteries and as an alloying metal in the manufacture of steel and…

Chlorine dioxide is used as an oxidizing microbiocide in industrial cooling water treatment, the dairy industry, the meat industry, and many other food and beverage industry applications. It is used as a bleaching agent in the pulp and paper industry, and as a disinfectant in municipal water…

Nitrite, an intermediate in the nitrogen cycle, is formed during the decomposition of organic matter but readily oxidizes to form nitrate. These processes occur in wastewater treatment plants, water distribution systems, and natural waters. Nitrites are useful as corrosion inhibitors,…

Kit comes in a plastic case and contains everything needed to perform 30 tests (except distilled water): Refill, Low and High Range Comparators, dilutor snapper cup, micro test tube, and instructions. Range: 0-1000 & 1000-10,000 ppm MDL: 100 ppm Method: Direct Nesslerization …

Copper is naturally present in the earth’s crust and in seawater. Copper-containing fungicides are used to control biological growth in water supplies. The Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for copper is 1.3 mg/L in drinking water. The measurement of copper is an important means of monitoring…

Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent with a variety of uses. Applications include the treating of industrial effluents and domestic waste and serving as a disinfectant in aseptic packaging. For the food and beverage industry, CHEMetrics Hydrogen Peroxide CHEMets® and…

Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent with a variety of uses. Applications include the treating of industrial effluents and domestic waste and serving as a disinfectant in aseptic packaging. The Ferric Thiocyanate Method Reference: D. F. Boltz and J. A. Howell, eds.,…

Detergents can be introduced into the water supply by industry, soap manufacturers, and private households. Environmental analysts often include a determination of anionic detergents when assessing surface water pollution. The Methylene Blue Method References: USEPA Methods for…

Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent with a variety of uses. Applications include the treating of industrial effluents and domestic waste and serving as a disinfectant in aseptic packaging.  The Ceric Sulfate Titrimetric Method Reference: Developed by CHEMetrics, Inc. …