The level of dissolved oxygen in natural waters is often a direct indication of quality, since aquatic plants produce oxygen, while microorganisms generally consume it as they feed on pollutants. At low temperatures the solubility of oxygen is increased; during summer, saturation levels can be as…

Detergents can be introduced into the water supply by industry, soap manufacturers, and private households. Environmental analysts often include a determination of anionic detergents when assessing surface water pollution. The Methylene Blue Method References: USEPA Methods for…

Sulfite is not usually present in surface waters. If sulfite is discharged in effluents or from domestic wastewaters, it readily oxidizes to form sulfate. Sodium sulfite is the most common form of sulfite and is an excellent reducing agent with applications as an oxygen scavenger. Sulfite…

Molybdate is used throughout the industrial water treatment and power generation industries as a corrosion inhibitor in both open- and closed-loop cooling water systems. In solution, molybdate anions complex with oxidized iron to form a protective film of molybdate and ferric-oxide. Molybdate is…

Carbohydrazide is added to boiler system water as an oxygen scavenger to control corrosion. It is a safer alternative to hydrazine, which is toxic. Carbohydrazide reacts with oxygen at low temperatures and pressures. The products of the reaction are volatile and do not contribute dissolved solids…

Sulfides are naturally present in ground waters as a result of leaching from sulfur-containing mineral deposits. Surface waters do not usually contain high sulfide concentrations. Sulfides result from the decomposition of organic matter, from bacterial sulfate reduction under anaerobic conditions…

Kit comes in a plastic case and contains everything needed to perform 30 tests (except distilled water): Refill, Low and High Range Comparators, dilutor snapper cup, micro test tube, and instructions. Range: 0-30 & 30-300 ppm MDL: 5 ppm Method: Direct Nesslerization …

Method Dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) is naturally present as a result of animal respiration, the decay of organic matter, and the decomposition of certain minerals. It is the major source of acidity in unpolluted water samples. Surface waters typically contain less than 10 ppm…

Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are the primary ingredients in commercially-available antifreezes. They are used with various corrosion inhibitors to protect metal surfaces in cooling water systems. CHEMetrics glycol kits are used to monitor potable waters for glycol contamination…

Surface and ground waters rarely contain more than 1 mg/L of soluble or suspended manganese. Manganese can act as an oxidizing or a reducing agent depending on its valence state. Manganese is also used in the manufacture of batteries and as an alloying metal in the manufacture of steel and…

Iron is present in nature in the form of its oxides, or in combination with silicon or sulfur. The soluble iron content of surface waters rarely exceeds 1 mg/L, while ground waters often contain higher concentrations. The National Secondary Drinking Water Standard for iron is 0.3 mg/L, as iron…

Because of its strong oxidizing properties, chlorine is an excellent biocide used to treat potable waters, municipal wastes, and swimming pools. When used to treat potable water, chlorine helps alleviate the adverse effects of iron, manganese, ammonia, and sulfide. The Maximum Residual Disinfectant…

Cyanide is used in many chemical and refining processes. It is found in effluent from electroplating and metal cleaning operations, coke ovens, steel manufacturing facilities, and gas scrubbers. Although cyanide can be safely removed by alkaline chlorination, its acute toxicity to aquatic life…

Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent and is used as an alternative to chlorine as a biocide in the disinfection of drinking water. Ozone is used to remove odor, decolorize, and to control algae and other aquatic growths. Ozone is also used in various disinfectant and sterilization processes in…

Hydrazine is a powerful reducing agent that is used in various chemical processes and in boiler water as an oxygen scavenger. To control corrosion, residual hydrazine typically is maintained in the 0.05 to 0.1 mg/L range. Higher levels may be used to guard against corrosion when the boiler is out…

Hardness is a measure of the mineral content of water. Calcium and magnesium are the most common minerals that contribute to hardness. Hard water causes scaling in boilers and other industrial equipment, and diminishes the effectiveness of soaps and detergents. The EDTA Method (Total) …

Nitrate is the most completely oxidized form of nitrogen. It is formed during the final stages of biological decomposition, either in wastewater treatment facilities or in natural water supplies. Low-level nitrate concentrations may be present in natural waters. However, a Maximum Contaminant Level…

Sulfides are naturally present in ground waters as a result of leaching from sulfur-containing mineral deposits. Surface waters do not usually contain high sulfide concentrations. Sulfides result from the decomposition of organic matter, from bacterial sulfate reduction under anaerobic conditions…

Nitrate is the most completely oxidized form of nitrogen. It is formed during the final stages of biological decomposition, either in wastewater treatment facilities or in natural water supplies. Low-level nitrate concentrations may be present in natural waters. However, a Maximum Contaminant Level…

Nitrate is the most completely oxidized form of nitrogen. It is formed during the final stages of biological decomposition, either in wastewater treatment facilities or in natural water supplies. Low-level nitrate concentrations may be present in natural waters. However, a Maximum Contaminant Level…

Surface and ground waters rarely contain more than 1 mg/L of soluble or suspended manganese. Manganese can act as an oxidizing or a reducing agent depending on its valence state. Manganese is also used in the manufacture of batteries and as an alloying metal in the manufacture of steel and…

Silica (SiO₂) is the oxide of silicon, the second most abundant element in the earth's crust. Silica is present as silicates in most natural waters. Typical concentrations lie between 1 and 30 mg/L. Higher concentrations may exist in brackish waters and brines. The silica content of…

Phenol (hydroxybenzene) is the simplest of a group of similar organic chemicals, which includes cresols, xylenols, and catechols. Phenol itself is a common ingredient of disinfectants. In drinking water, low-level phenolic concentrations impart a foul taste and odor, especially upon chlorination.…

Phenol (hydroxybenzene) is the simplest of a group of similar organic chemicals, which includes cresols, xylenols, and catechols. Phenol itself is a common ingredient of disinfectants. In drinking water, low-level phenolic concentrations impart a foul taste and odor, especially upon chlorination.…

Methods The alkalinity of water is a measurement of its buffering capacity. Alkalinity of natural waters is typically a combination of bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions. Sewage and wastewaters usually exhibit higher alkalinities due to the presence of silicates and phosphates. …

Phenol (hydroxybenzene) is the simplest of a group of similar organic chemicals, which includes cresols, xylenols, and catechols. Phenol itself is a common ingredient of disinfectants. In drinking water, low-level phenolic concentrations impart a foul taste and odor, especially upon chlorination.…

Nitrite, an intermediate in the nitrogen cycle, is formed during the decomposition of organic matter but readily oxidizes to form nitrate. These processes occur in wastewater treatment plants, water distribution systems, and natural waters. Nitrites are useful as corrosion inhibitors,…

Iron is present in nature in the form of its oxides, or in combination with silicon or sulfur. The soluble iron content of surface waters rarely exceeds 1 mg/L, while ground waters often contain higher concentrations. The National Secondary Drinking Water Standard for iron is 0.3 mg/L, as iron…

Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent with a variety of uses. Applications include the treating of industrial effluents and domestic waste and serving as a disinfectant in aseptic packaging.  The Ceric Sulfate Titrimetric Method Reference: Developed by CHEMetrics …

Kit comes in a plastic case and contains everything needed to perform 30 tests (except distilled water): Refill, Low and High Range Comparators, dilutor snapper cup, micro test tube, and instructions. Range: 0-60 & 60-600 ppm MDL: 10 ppm Method: Direct Nesslerization …

Detergents can be introduced into the water supply by industry, soap manufacturers, and private households. Environmental analysts often include a determination of anionic detergents when assessing surface water pollution. The Methylene Blue Method References: USEPA Methods for…