EMAP-II is a tumor derived cytokine that exerts a wide range of activities on endothelial cells, monocytes and neutrophils. EMAP-II inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, vasculogenesis, neovessel formation, and can induce apoptosis. It is also chemotactic towards neutrophils and monocytes and…

The murine homolog of ENA-78 is called LIX. ENA-78/LIX is a CXC chemokine that signals through the CXCR2 receptor. It is expressed in monocytes, platelets, endothelial cells, and mast cells. ENA-78/LIX is a chemoattractant for neutrophils. The three na

IL-1 beta is a proinflammatory cytokine produced in a variety of cells including monocytes, tissue macrophages, keratinocytes and other epithelial cells. Both IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta binds to the same receptor and has similar if not identical biological properties. These cytokines have a broad…

SPARC, an acronym for "secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine", is also known as osteonectin or BM-40. It is the founding member of a family of secreted matricellular proteins with similar domain structure. The 303 amino aci

MCP-2 and MCP-3 are two monocyte chemotactic proteins produced by human MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Both MCP-2 and MCP-3 are members of the CC family of chemokines and share 62% and 71% amino acid sequence identity, respectively, with MCP-1. MCP-3 also shares 58% amino acid identity with MCP-2.

CD40 ligand, CD40L (also known as CD154, TRAP or gp39), is a 261 amino acid type II transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the TNF family, CD40L is expressed predominantly on activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, and also found in other types of cells, like NK cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils.…

CXCL9, a member of the α subfamily of chemokines that lack the ELR domain, was initially identified as a lymphokine-activated gene in mouse macrophages. The CXCL9 gene is induced in macrophages and in primary glial cells of the central nervous system specifically in response to IFN-γ.…

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) was initially characterized as a growth factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is produced by a number of different cell types (including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast…

CCL5 or RANTES (acronym for Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and presumably Secreted), was initially discovered by subtractive hybridization as a transcript expressed in T cells but not B cells. Eosinophilchemotactic activities released by thrombinstimulated human platelets have…

FGF basic (FGF-2, HBGF-2) is one of at least 22 mitogenic proteins of the FGF family, which show 35 - 60% amino acid conservation. Unlike other FGFs, FGF acidic and basic lack signal peptides and are secreted by an alternate pathway. Storage pools within the cell or on cell surface heparan sulfate…

The three GRO cDNAs encode 107 amino acid precursor proteins from which the N-terminal 34 amino acid residues are cleaved to generate the mature GROs. There are no potential N-linked glycosylation sites in the amino acid sequences. GRO expression is inducible by serum or PDGF and/or by a variety of…

Natriuretic Peptide Precursor B acts as a cardiac hormone with a variety of biological actions including natriuresis, diuresis, vasorelaxation, and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. It is thought to play a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis. Helps restore the body's salt and…

CXCL13, also known as B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), is a CXC chemokine that is constitutively expressed in secondary lymphoid organs. BCA-1 cDNA encodes a protein of 109 amino acid residues with a leader sequence of 22 residues. Mature human BCA-1 shares 64% amino acid sequence similarity…

SDF-1α and β are stromal derived CXC chemokines, and signal through the CXCR4 receptor. SDF-1α and β chemoattract B and T cells, and have been shown to induce migration of CD34+ stem cells. Additionally, the SDF-1 prote

Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2 (MIP-2) was originally identified as a heparin binding protein secreted from a murine macrophage cell line in response to endotoxin stimulation. Based on its protein and DNA sequences, MIP-2 is a member of the alpha (C

GMF-β, a brain-specific protein that belongs to the actin-binding proteins (ADF) structural family. GMF-β appears to play a role in the differentiation, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system. It also supports the progression of certain auto-immune diseases, possibly through…