Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is a key intermediate in cellular metabolic pathways and is derived primarily from glucose via glycolysis. Abnormal blood pyruvate levels are reported in a number of disorders including shock, liver disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, thiamine deficiency,…

Lipid peroxidation is a well-established mechanism of cellular injury in both plants and animals and is used as an indicator of oxidative stress in cells and tissues. Lipid peroxides, derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, are unstable and decompose to form a complex series of compounds, which…

This nuclear receptor assay system utilizes proprietary human cells engineered to provide constitutive, high-level expression of the human thyroid hormone receptor beta (NR1A2), a ligand-dependent transcription factor commonly referred to as TRβ. INDIGO’s reporter cells include the…

For the measurement of acylated ghrelin.

cGMP, synthesized from GTP by both membrane-bound and soluble guanlyate cyclase enzymes, is a key intracellular second messenger molecule that transduces cellular signaling events in response to a variety of hormones, autacoids and drugs. The relative abundance of cGMP within a given cell can serve…

This assay has been developed for researchers that do not have experience performing ELISAs. It can be used as a practice tool allowing you to become comfortable with running Cayman ELISAs. This kit contains enough reagents to run at least four complete standard curves.

Oxytocin is a hypothalamic peptide hormone that is stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It is released into the bloodstream during parturition and lactation and is also involved in other social and sexual behaviors, neuropsyciatric disorders, and the maintenance of water and sodium homeostasis.…

β-Hydroxybutyrate (β-HB; 3-hydroxybutyric acid) is produced in the liver, mainly from the oxidation of fatty acids, and exported to peripheral tissues for use as an energy source. Measurement of β-HB can provide a reliable index of the level of normal ketosis as well as detect…

INDIGO’s panel of TR reporter assays utilizes non-human mammalian cells engineered to express human thyroid hormone receptors alpha (NR1A1) and beta (NR1A2), ligand-dependent transcription factors commonly referred to as TRα and TRβ. INDIGO’s TR reporter cells include the…

This nuclear receptor assay system utilizes proprietary non-human cells engineered to provide constitutive, high-level expression of the human retinoid X receptor beta (NR2B2), a ligand-dependent transcription factor commonly referred to as RXRB or RXRβ. INDIGO’s reporter cells include…

Immunoglobulin IgG provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens and plays a significant role in the pathology of auto-immune diseases. Most mouse monoclonal antibodies are of the IgG isotype. Because mice are widely used as a research model for studies of the immune…

Impurity assessment is a key step during the drug development production of recombinant proteins, including therapeutic proteins. Specific impurities coming from the cells mediating the protein expression, known as ‘Host Cell Proteins (HCP)', are generated and need to be removed. This kit…

Progesterone, along with pregnenolone, is the biosynthetic precursor of all other steroid hormones. The main function of progesterone is to prepare the uterine lining for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to maintain pregnancy. Measurement of serum or plasma progesterone levels are used as an…

The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of cells is an important indicator of normal cellular function. It is used as a parameter to study mitochondrial function as well as a marker of factors triggering the switch from healthy oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. Oxygen…

Complex I (NADH oxidase/Co-enzyme Q reductase) is one of the major sites of electron entry into the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Complex I catalyzes the 2 electron oxidation of NADH followed by the reduction of ubiquinone (Q) to form ubiquinol (QH2), and ultimately the reduction of…

β-HB is a "ketone body" which is produced in the liver, mainly from the oxidation of fatty acids, and is exported to peripheral tissues for use as an energy source. Normally ketosis can indicate that lipid metabolism has been activated and the pathway of lipid degradation is intact.…

Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) represent a group of enzymes that oxidize a wide range of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids, which affect both developmental and toxicological functions. Pharmacological inhibitors or activators of ALDH activity have been…

Immunization of mice with chicken egg albumin (ovalbumin/OVA) in a precipitate complex with aluminum hydroxide (alum) is a highly effective means of inducing a potent TH2-mediated immune response. OVA/alum immunized mice produce anti-OVA antibodies predominantly of the IgG1 and IgE isotypes that…

Cayman’s Protein Synthesis Assay Kit is a non-radioactive method for measuring protein synthesis that employs the cell-permeable, alkyne-containing, puromycin analog O-Propargyl-puromycin (OPP). Upon application to cells, the OPP probe incorporates into the C-terminus of translating…

This nuclear receptor assay system utilizes proprietary human cells engineered to provide constitutive, high-level expression of the human vitamin D receptor (NR1I1), a ligand-dependent transcription factor commonly referred to as VDR. INDIGO’s reporter cells include the luciferase reporter…

Oxidative stress in the cellular environment results in the formation of highly reactive and unstable lipid hydroperoxides. Decomposition of the unstable peroxides derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), which can be quantified colorimetrically…

Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that plays a key role in maintaining redox homeostasis via its interaction with a cysteine-rich protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). In resting cells, Nrf2 and Keap1 form a tight complex, which is targeted for…

NADPH is an essential cofactor for the function of the NOS enzyme. Unfortunately, NADPH interferes with the chemistry of the Griess reagents, which are the most commonly used reagents for nitrite detection. This kit uses Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) to oxidize the excess NADPH used in a…

Testosterone is the prototypic and predominant circulating androgenic steroid. It plays a major role in the growth and function of many reproductive and non-reproductive tissues and organs including muscle, liver, and brain, directing the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis and…

ALT is a homodimeric cytoplasmic pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme involved in cellular nitrogen metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and liver gluconeogenesis. Cayman’s Alanine Transaminase Assay provides a convenient method of detecting ALT activity in serum, plasma, tissue samples, and…

This nuclear receptor assay system utilizes proprietary non-human cells engineered to provide constitutive, high-level expression of the human retinoic acid receptor, alpha (NR1B1), a ligand-dependent transcription factor commonly referred to as RARA or RARα. INDIGO’s reporter cells…

Catalase is an ubiquitous antioxidant enzyme that is present in most aerobic cells. It is involved in the detoxification of H2O2, a ROS that is a toxic product of both normal aerobic metabolism and pathogenic ROS production. Cayman’s Catalase Assay utilizes the peroxidatic function of…

Cayman’s PC Assay provides a specific, sensitive, and convenient method for quantifying PC in plasma or serum. In this assay, PC-Specific PLD hydrolyzes PC to choline and phosphatidic acid. The newly formed choline is then used to generate hydrogen peroxide in a reaction catalyzed by choline…

Cayman’s GSH Assay utilizes a carefully optimized enzymatic recycling method for the quantification of GSH in a 96-well microplate format. It measures both GSH and GSSG to reflect total glutathione in a sample. The kit can also be used to measure only GSSG by following an alternative…

This nuclear receptor assay system utilizes proprietary non-human mammalian cells engineered to provide constitutive, high-level expression of human liver X receptor beta (NR1H2), a ligand-dependent transcription factor commonly referred to as LXRβ. INDIGO’s reporter cells include the…

GPx catalyzes the reduction of hydroperoxides, including H2O2, using reduced glutathione and thereby functions to protect the cell from oxidative damage. Cayman’s Glutathione Peroxidase Assay measures GPx activity indirectly by a coupled reaction with GR. Oxidized GSSG, produced upon…

Cayman’s SOD Assay is a fast and reliable assay for the measurement of SOD activity from plasma, serum, tissue homogenates, and cell lysates. SOD activity is assessed by measuring the dismutation of superoxide radicals generated by xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine in a convenient 96-well…