A small diffusible signaling molecule produced by wild-type E. carotovora strain SCC 3193 involved in quorum sensing, controlling gene expression, and affecting cellular metabolism.

A bioactive sterol that can affect cholesterol homeostasis, membrane properties and cell survival; inhibits CYP7A1 with an IC₅₀ = ~ 1 µM; can be used as a standard in the determination of cholesterol derivatives by GC-MS or HPLC.

A potent inhibitor of neprilysin, a membrane metallo-endopeptidase that cleaves peptide hormones, such as enkephalins, glucagon, and bradykinin (Ki = 4-140 nM); produced in vivo via the metabolism of the prodrug acetorphan.

A selective PI3K inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 1.4 µM.

A quinone derivative that inhibits red blood cell PLA2 with a Ki value of 130 µM.

A potent inhibitor of GSK-3β (IC₅₀ = 22 nM), preventing tau phosphorylation both in vitro and in vivo.

A fluorescent indicator of peroxynitrite formation; neither NO, superoxide, nor hydrogen peroxide alone appear to oxidize DCFH.

Linolein hydroperoxides are a mixture of 132 possible isomers of mono-, di-, and tri-hydroperoxides produced from the autoxidation of trilinolein. Autoxidation of linoleic acid containing triglycerides (for example, trilinolein) in vivo could result in the formation of these hydroperoxides. Unlike…

A potent inhibitor of the CK1 isoforms CK1ε and CK1δ (IC₅₀ = 7.7 and 14 nM, respectively); less effectively inhibits a wide variety of related or common kinases; disrupts circadian rhythms in cells and animals; blocks the locomotor response to amphetamines in mice.

A benzothiazinone compound that selectively inhibits both MAO-B activity (IC₅₀ = 34.9 nM in human) and adenosine A2A receptors (Ki = 39.5 nM in human); designed as a potential dopamine-sparing therapeutic in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

A receptor antagonist acting at the muscarinic receptors (Ki = 5.5, 47, 0.84, 8.6, and 2.3 nM for M1 through M5, respectively); effective in treating problems related to the lower urinary tract.

A naturally-occurring amino acid which is a stable antioxidant; scavenges free radicals and oxidants, controls NF-κB activation, and inhibits inflammatory gene expression; blocks oxidative DNA damage and cell death.

A quinone which inhibits topoisomerase I at 25 μM and transglutaminase (IC₅₀ = 5 μM); reduced to β-lapachone hydroquinone by NQO1, generating ROS during its reversion to β-lapachone; sensitizes cancer cells to radiation, suppresses NF-κB activation, and drives apoptosis.

An extract from A. lappa, a burdock plant traditionally used in Japanese Kampo medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antiviral activity.

An activator of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels that displays anti-ischemic (EC25 = 8.9 μM) and cardioprotective (IC₅₀ = 0.03 μM) effects in rat hearts.

A prodrug that is rapidly catabolized in vivo to 5-fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; inhibits thymidylate synthase (EC₅₀ = 0.6 nM), interfering with DNA synthesis; used to treat various cancers, particularly metastases to the liver.

A catatoxic steroid that acts as an agonist of the rodent PXR at µM concentrations; mediates induction of hepatic CYP3A, Oatp2, and Cyp7a1, regulating both xenobiotic and bile acid homeostasis.

A selective antagonist of S1P binding to the S1P3 receptor; blocks calcium increase in HeLa cells by about 40% at 10 µM.

A cell-penetrating peptide inhibitor of calpain (IC₅₀ = 5 nM) which completely abolishes calpain activity in platelets; also a potent inhibitor of cathepsin K (IC₅₀ = 0.11 nM).

Mn(III)TMPyP is a cell-permeable SOD mimic and peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst. The rate constants for superoxide dismutation and peroxynitrite decomposition are 3.9 x 107 M−1s−1 and ~2 x 106 M−1s−1, respectively.

A selective small molecule activator of SIRT1 that is 1,000-fold more potent than resveratrol; improves insulin sensitivity, lowers plasma, glucose and increases mitochondrial capacity in diet-induced obese and diabetic leptin-deficient ob/ob mice after one week of treatment with an oral dose of…

An anthracycline antitumor antibiotic agent that inhibits DNA topoisomerase II by inducing double-stranded DNA breaks; inhibits nucleic acid synthesis and induces apoptosis by intercalating within DNA.

An N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of the nitroxide spin label tempyo; an active acylating agent that preferentially targets α-amino groups, used to spin label proteins and aminoacylated RNA species.

The trans isomer of the 16:1 fatty acid palmitoleic acid.

A highly selective ERα receptor antagonist (Ki = 5.6 nM; IC₅₀ = 80 nM).

An inhibitor of both CDK1 and CDK2 (IC₅₀s =2.9 and 2.2 µM, respectively); inhibits cellular ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-realted kinase activity (IC₅₀ = 6.7 µM) and impairs G2/M arrest in various human cancer cells, potentiating the cytotoxic effects of…

A potent, selective inhibitor of the lysine methyltranferase EZH2 (Ki = 24 nM), the enzymatic subunit of PRC2; blocks trimethylation of the PRC2 target H3K27 (IC₅₀ = 80 nM), decreasing the proliferation of lymphoma cells carrying mutant, but not wild-type, EZH2.

An essential fatty acid and the most abundant ω-3 fatty acid in neural tissues, especially in the retina and brain; constitutes as much as 40% of the total PUFA pool in retinal and neuronal membranes; dietary supplementation via fish oil inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis and delays…

A selective activator of AMPK; inhibits synthesis of fatty acids and sterols in hepatocytes and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes.

Adefovir is an antiviral prodrug that displays immunomodulatory activity. Adefovir is an acyclonucleotide analog that inhibits viral DNA polymerase, acting as a DNA chain terminator. Adefovir is primarily used to treat hepatitis B infection, but also displays activity against retroviruses. Adefovir…

A natural alkaloid with antiviral properties, inhibiting the replication of hepatitis B alone and in combination with lamivudine; prevents fibrosis in a number of organs including liver, at least in part by interfering with TGF-β signaling.

A full antagonist of RXR that demonstrates potent, nanomolar binding affinity; does not affect the corepressor interaction capacity of the RARα subunit in the RAR-RXR heterodimer configuration.