L-Citrulline is a by product of NO formation from metabolism of L-arginine that exhibits tocolytic and antioxidative activities. L-Citrulline was originally found in watermelon. In isolated rat uteri, L-citrulline decreases uterine contractile force through stimulation of the NO-cGMP relaxant…

Cisplatin is a platinum-based cross-linking agent that exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic activity. Cisplatin induces crosslinks between guanine bases on DNA; it is clinically used to treat various forms of cancer. In lung cancer cells, cisplatin decreases phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and FOXO3a…

4-Bromoflavone displays antioxidative and chemopreventive activities. 4-Bromoflavone activates Nrf2-Keap1-ARE complex signaling and also induces quinone reductase and other phase II enzymes. Additionally, this compound prevents the development of mammary tumors, increasing tumor latency in vivo.

Cysteine conjugate of benzyl isothiocyanate, N-dimethylnitrosamine demethylase inhibitor. It induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells and inhibits cell growth in leukemia cells. Grade: ≥98

N-acetyl-D-leucine is a D-amino acid that is deacylated in bacteria by d-aminoacylase enzymes. D-amino acids inhibit bacterial biofilm formation when they are incorporated into the cell wall. Compounds such as N-acetyl-D-leucine induce release of amyloid fibers that link cells together in the…

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a derivative of carnitine that enables functions of CoA and plays a significant role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Acetyl-L-carnitine exhibits antidepressant, neuroprotective, analgesic, and antinociceptive activities. In vivo, acetyl-L-carnitine acetylates p65,…

Aceclofenac is a diclofenac analog that exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Aceclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that somewhat selectively inhibits COX-2; it is clinically used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.…

Ciclopirox is a hydroxypyridone compound that exhibits antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anticancer chemotherapeutic activities. This compound acts as a metal ion chelator, preventing peroxide degradation. Ciclopirox modulates generation of ROS in a PKA/Ras1/Ras2-dependent manner,…

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) disodium is clinically used to inhibit reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction during percutaneous coronary intervention; it also improves left ventricular function in clinical settings. ATP itself is a coenzyme and unit of cellular energy. ATP is required for…

2-Tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (2-BHA) is one component of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). This compound is commonly used as a food additive; it exhibits antioxidative activity. 2-BHA acts as a phase II enzyme inducer, increasing levels of glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase.

Bupropion is an antidepressant that is also commonly used as a smoking cessation aid. This compound has additional therapeutic potential, as it promotes modest weight loss, shows efficacy as an ADHD treatment, and may also be an effective treatment for neuropathic pain. Bupropion is a DA and NE…

Buspirone is an azapirone anxiolytic that acts as a partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors and a1-adrenergic receptors and an antagonist at D2/3/4 receptors. Buspirone is clinically used to treat anxiety. In animal models, buspirone inhibits MMPP-induced enhancements in memory acquisition and…

Bupivacaine is an amino amide anesthetic that decreases current amplitude and inhibits whole cell K+ currents in Ca2+-activated (BK/SK) K+ channels and N-type voltage-gated (Kv1/shaker and Kv3 KCNA/KCNC) K+ channels. Bupivacaine also inhibits voltage-gated Na+ channels and tandem pore domain…

Budesonide is a corticosteroid with strong glucocorticoid and weak mineralocorticoid characteristics. Budesonide exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-asthma activities and is used clinically to treat Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder…

Cilnidipine is a dihydropyridine that exhibits antihypertensive, vasodilatory, antinociceptive, and nephroprotective activities. Cilnidipine acts as an antagonist at L-type and N-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. In subjects with hypertension, cilnidipine decreases blood pressure and urinary…

Butoconazole is an imidazole derivative that exhibits antifungal/antimycotic and anti-parasitic activities; it likely inhibits 14-a demethylase. Butoconazole displays particularly effective antimicrobial activity against species of Candida, Saccharomyces, and Trichomonas. Grade: ≥98%

Bumetanide is a loop diuretic that is clinically used to treat congestive heart failure. Bumetanide exhibits natriuretic activity, inhibiting Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+/Ca2+ co-transporter 2 (KCC2), decreasing fluid secretion and Na+/K+ transport. Bumetanide also exhibits anxiolytic,…

Prodrug of indomethacin, NSAID, and COX-1/2 inhibitor used to treat pain and arthritis. It also scavenges ROS and RNS.

Adapalene is a derivative of tretinoin that is clinically used to treat acne and pityriasis versicolor. This synthetic retinoid exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, decreasing expression of Ki67, a2-integrin, a6-integrin, toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), IL-8, and ß-defensin in ex vivo models. Like…

Bupivacaine is an amino amide anesthetic that decreases current amplitude and inhibits whole cell K+ currents in Ca2+-activated K+ channels and N-type voltage-gated (Kv1/Shaker and Kv3/Shaw [KCNA and KCNC]) K+ channels. Bupivacaine also inhibits voltage-gated Na+ channels and tandem pore domain…