Aflatoxins are mycotoxins found in foods and livestock feeds that were initially produced by species of Aspergillus. Aflatoxin G2 is cytotoxic; it inhibits DNA synthesis and induces cell cycle arrest.

Besifloxacin is a fourth generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic that displays broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and is effective against a wide range of ocular pathogens that exhibit resistance to other fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Besifloxacin inhibits DNA…

Adrenorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide produced from cleavage of proenkephalin A. Adrenorphin acts as an agonist at ?-opioid receptors (?ORs) and µ-opioid receptors (µORs). Like other opioids, adrenorphin exhibits analgesic, antinociceptive, and gastrointestinal motility modulating…

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is an isothiocyanate originally found in cruciferous vegetables that exhibits immunomodulatory, anti-parasitic, antibiotic, antioxidative, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-angiogenic, anti-metastatic, anticancer chemotherapeutic, and chemopreventive activities. BITC inhibits…

Adenine is a purine nucleotide base that is involved in the synthesis of RNA and DNA. Adenine also plays roles in cellular respiration as a component of ATP, NAD, and FAD. Grade: ≥98%

Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal compound that increases levels of ROS and forms pores or channels in membranes by binding membrane sterols. Amphotericin B induces iNOS, activates astrocytes, and increases expression of IL-1ß, TNF-a, BDNF, and GDNF, displaying potential neuroprotective…

Bifonazole is an imidazole antifungal that also exhibits anticancer activity. Bifonazole inhibits calmodulin, HMG-CoA reductase, and 14-a demethylase in fungi such as dermatophytes. Bifonazole also decreases cell viability and induces Ca2+-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and melanoma cells.

Ampicillin is a ß-lactam antibiotic that displays antibacterial efficacy against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Ampicillin inhibits transpeptidase, preventing bacterial cell wall formation.

Amyloid-ß (Aß) is a peptide cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that is often used as a biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease. Misfolded Aß oligomers instigate conformation changes in other, normally folded Aß oligomers, increasing the number of misfolded proteins and eventually forming…

Captopril is the first angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor marketed; it is clinically used to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure (CHF), and diabetic nephropathy. Captopril exhibits antihypertensive, anti-metastatic, and anticancer chemotherapeutic activities. In animal models of…

Adipokinetic hormone is a neuropeptide hormone found in insects that is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Adipokinetic hormone also increases activity of peptidase, lipase, amylase, and polygalacturonase in the salivary glands. In brain samples treated with H2O2, this peptide…

Bromhexine is a synthetic derivative of vasicine that exhibits mucolytic and antioxidative activities. Bromhexine increases production of serous mucus, decreases mucus viscosity, and helps cilia transport mucus out of the lungs. Bromhexine is clinically used to treat respiratory disorders…

9-nitro-20S-Camptothecin is a camptothecin derivative. Camptothecin is a quinolone alkaloid precursor of irinotecan; it is originally found in Camptotheca. Camptothecin exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic activity, inhibiting topoisomerase I and inducing double-stranded DNA breaks. Camptothecin is…

A grasshopper neuropeptide from a family of arthropod hormones and neuroregulators, found in Locusta migratoria.

Chrysophanol is an anthraquinone originally found in species of Rheum. Chrysophanol exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibiotic, and anticancer activities. In animal models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, chrysophanol inhibits activation of the NALP3 inflammasome, ameliorating…

Adefovir is an antiviral prodrug that displays immunomodulatory activity. Adefovir is an acyclonucleotide analog that inhibits viral DNA polymerase, acting as a DNA chain terminator. Adefovir is primarily used to treat hepatitis B infection, but also displays activity against retroviruses. Adefovir…

Cembrenediols are diterpenes originally found in Anisomeles. These compounds exhibit antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium and antifungal activity against Colletotrichum. Grade: ≥98%

C59 is a PORCN inhibitor that exhibits anticancer chemotherapeutic activity, inhibiting the progression of mammary tumors in vivo by downregulating Wnt signaling. Grade: ≥98%

Cefotaxime is a third generation β-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefotaxime exhibits antibacterial efficacy against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, inhibiting penicillin binding proteins to prevent peptidoglycan synthesis and bacterial cell wall formation. Cefotaxime is also…

Amyloid-ß (Aß) is a peptide cleavage product of amyloid precursor protein (APP) that is often used as a biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease. Misfolded Aß oligomers instigate conformation changes in other, normally folded Aß oligomers, increasing the number of misfolded proteins and eventually forming…

Catharanthine is an alkaloid found in Catharanthus that is a chemical precursor in the synthesis of vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine and vincristine. Catharanthine displays weak anti-mitotic activity, binding tubulin poorly. Catharanthine exhibits anti-parasitic, vasodilatory, and…

Acivicin is a fermentation product of Streptomyces; it is a glutamine analog. Acivicin inhibits ?-glutamyl transferase, CTP synthetase, GMP synthetase, and FGAM synthetase, preventing purine synthesis. Acivicin exhibits anticancer and antifungal activity, although its potential chemotherapeutic…

Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that exhibits antibacterial efficacy against gram negative bacteria. Amikacin binds the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing translation. Grade: ≥98%

This peptide is an epitope of carcinoembryonic antigen and is recognized by T cells in the immune system; it may have potential in the development of vaccines or targeting therapies. Grade: ≥95%

Canrenone is an active metabolite of spironolactone that acts as an aldosterone antagonist, anti-androgen, and diuretic. Canrenone acts as a partial agonist on the Na+/K+ ATPase. Grade: ≥98%

Anabaenopeptins are cyclopentapeptides found in cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria agardhii. Anabaenopeptins and other cyanotoxins are typically inhibitors of serine proteases and protein phosphatases (PPs). Anabaenopeptins may also inhibit carboxypeptidases.…

Carvedilol is an a1- and ß1/2-adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat congestive heart failure; its inhibitory action at adrenergic receptors slows heart rhythm, decreasing force, pressure, and cardiac workload. Carvedilol also inhibits release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a and…

3-Tert-butyl-5-methoxy-catechol exhibits anticancer activity, inhibiting proliferation of leukemia cells. This compound may also induce cellular differentiation in vitro.

Bleomycin A5 is an anticancer chemotherapeutic that binds DNA and induces DNA cleavage and strand breaks; it is highly toxic. Bleomycin is clinically used to treat lymphomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and testicular cancer. Additionally, this compound induces apoptosis, alters cell cycle…

Azaperone is a butyrophenone tranquilizer that exhibits sedative activity through the inhibition of a-adrenergic receptors. Azaperone also inhibits dopamine receptors and histamine receptors; it also may display antiemetic, antipsychotic, antihistaminergic, and anticholinergic activities.

AZT is a thymidine nucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and is clinically used to treat HIV/AIDS. AZT inhibits viral DNA synthesis, preventing viral replication; at high doses, it may inhibit DNA polymerase. Use of AZT is often limited

Angiotensin I (AT I) is a peptide cleavage product of angiotensin and served no primary biological purpose other than to function as a precursor to angiotensin II.